Okwu Mmalite Maka Ngwá Ọrụ Ndị E Ji Ọla kọpa Mara Ama

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-amata ịma mma nke opi ma ọ bụ ụda olu miri emi, mmadụ ole na ole maara akụkọ banyere ndị nchọpụta na ndị ọrụ aka na-agbanwe ihe ndị a ka ha bụrụ ngwá ọrụ dị mma anyị na-ahụ taa. Ịghọta mmalite nke ngwá ọrụ ndị a na uche ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi n'azụ mmepe ha na-enye ekele miri emi maka nkà nke ịkpọ opi na nkà mmụta sayensị nke na-eme ka ọ kwe omume.

Ihe a na-eme ka ị mata ngwá egwú ọla kọpa ndị dị mkpa, otú ha si malite, na ndị mepụtara ihe ndị mere ka ọla kọpa ghọọ ụdị ngwá egwú ndị anyị ji mara ihe, bụ́ ndị anyị ji mara ihe.

Ụbọ Akụ́ na Otú Ọ Dị

Ọ bụ otu n'ime ngwá egwú ọla kọpa kasị ochie, na nsụgharị mbụ nke sitere na ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga Ijipt oge ochie, China, na Rome. Otú ọ dị, opi nke oge a dị ka anyị si mara ya nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọ rụpụtara na narị afọ nke 19. Ọganihu ahụ bụ nchọpụta nke usoro valvụ. Ọ bụ nanị usoro dị mkpirikpi nke ụda olu (usoro harmonic) ka opi nkịtị nwere ike ịmepụta, na-egbochi ikike ụdaolu ha. Usoro valvụ ahụ nyere ndị na-egwu ya ohere ịgbanwe ogologo ọkpọkọ ahụ ozugbo, na-enweta usoro chromatic zuru oke n'ofe ọtụtụ octaves.

A na-akọwa mmepe a dị mkpa na Heinrich Stölzel na Friedrich Blühmel, ndị nchọpụta abụọ German bụ ndị mepụtara atụmatụ valvụ mbụ n'onwe ha gburugburu 1814. Stölzel, onye na-egwu mpi, nyere patent nke imepụta valvụ igbe, ebe Blühmel, onye na-egwu egwu na onye na-eme ihe, mepụtara usoro yiri nke ahụ. Ọrụ ha, nke ndị ọzọ mechara mepụta, dugara na valvụ pistin na usoro valvụ rotary eji taa. Ị nwere ike ịgụtakwu banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke valvụ valvụ.

Na valves, opi gbanwere n'ime ngwá ọrụ dịgasị iche iche kwesịrị ekwesị maka ndị egwu egwu (chee maka oku ndị dike na Beethoven's Leonore Overture No. 3 ma ọ bụ fanfares dị nkọ na Mahler's symphonies), ndị agha, na n'ikpeazụ jazz ensembles ebe ndị egwu dịka Louis Armstrong na Miles Davis kọgharịrị ọrụ ya. Taa trumpet ma na B, C, ma ọ bụ piccolo tuning na-akwụ ụgwọ agility ya, gbasaa nso, na ike na-egosipụta ndị mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19.

Ihe Ndị Mere n'Oge Ochie

Trombone bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'etiti ọla kọpa ngwá maka ya iji a slide kama valves. Nke a imewe na-enye a na-aga n'ihu nso nke pitches, na-enye ngwá ọrụ ya pụrụ iche glissando mmetụta na a ịrịba ikike na-emepụta microtonal inflections.

Ebumnuche nke trombone na-agbanwe na Renaissance oge, na-agbanwe site na mbụ FLT:0 sackbuts na mgbe e mesịrị na Netherlands. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị onye nchọpụta ọ bụla na-emepụta ya, a na-eme ka atụmatụ ya dịkwuo mma n'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ na Europe, karịsịa na Italy n'oge narị afọ nke 15 na 16.

Ngwá ọrụ ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama na egwu okpukpe (Monteverdi jiri trombones na Vespro della Beata Vergine ya), ihe ndị edere (Mozart na Beethoven dere maka ya), na mgbe e mesịrị na jazz na egwu ndị a ma ama, ebe ikike ya na-egosipụta ihe site na mmetụta plunger na-eme ka ọ dị mma. Ọganihu nke oge a gụnyere valvụ F-mgbakwunye, nke na-agbakwunye ọkpọkọ ọzọ maka obere nso, mana usoro slide dị mkpa agbanwebeghị site na ndị nna nna ya ochie. Maka ọgụgụ miri emi, lee akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akpa ma ọ bụ FLT:3FL.

Ụbọ Akụ French: Site n'Ịkpọ Òkù Ịchụnta Ozu Ruo n'Ịdị Mma nke Ndị Na-ege Egwú

Mkpọtụ French, nke a maara maka ụda ya dị ọkụ, dị nro, na nke ọma, nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-amalite n'ebe dị anya site na ụlọ oriri na nkwari. Ndị nna nna ya bụ ndị na-achụ nta mpi.

Ọgbọ egwu egwu nke oge a gbanwere nke ukwuu na narị afọ nke 17 na 18, ọkachasị na France, ebe a na-eji ọjà a na-ahụ anya eme ihe na egwu egwu na mgbe e mesịrị na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Baroque. Ndị na-ede egwú dị ka Handel na Telemann dere maka ọjà a na-ahụ anya, mana oke nke ngwá ọrụ ahụ pụtara na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ga-ejide usoro mgbagwoju anya iji mepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ chromatic zuru oke.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa bụ mgbakwunye nke valvụ na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19, yiri mgbanwe nke opi. Mgbe e mesịrị, ụlọ ọrụ German bụ Heinrich Stölzel kere mpi abụọ (n'ịjikọta akụkụ F na B) gburugburu 1900, nke ghọrọ mpi egwu ọkọlọtọ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị ka Friedrich Helmholtz von T.F.L.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T.T:T:T:T:T:T:T:T

Taa, ọjà French dị mkpa na ndị na-ese ihe na egwú ụlọ, nke a na-eji ụda olu dị nro na nke dị nro ya, nke nwekwara ike ịpụta ọnọdụ ndị dike ma ọ bụ nke na-akpata nsogbu, na-echetara ụda ọjà na abụ olu Strauss ma ọ bụ ụda nke melancholic na ụda fim nke oge a.

Tuba: Ihe Ndị E Ji Akụ́ Ụkwụ Mee

The tuba nwere ihe dị iche nke ịbụ ndị kasị ibu na kasị ala pitched ọla akụrụngwa. Ọ e mepụtara dịtụ n'oge tụnyere ndị ọzọ ọla akụrụngwaa ngwaahịa nke narị afọ nke 19 na-achọ a siri ike bass olu na ọla na agha bands. Tupu tuba, ophicleide (a keyed ọla akụrụngwa) na agwọ (a osisi ngwá na mkpịsị aka oghere) nyere bass edoghi, ma ma nwere njedebe na ike na intonation.

E mepụtara tuba ahụ site n'aka Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht na Johann Gottfried Moritz na 1835 na Prussia. Wieprecht, onye na-achịkwa ndị otu na onye na-ede egwú, so Moritz, onye na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ nwere nkà, mepụta tuba mbụ dị irè na valvụ. Ihe ọhụrụ ha jikọtara nnukwu mkpọtụ cone na nnukwu mgbịrịgba na otu valvụ (na mbido, na-agbagharị), na-emepụta ụda dị ike nke nwere ike ịkwado ihe niile.

Mmepe ndị ọzọ gụnyere sousaphone (gburu gburugburu onye ọkpụkpọ maka ije ije) nke J.W. Pepper mepụtara na mmekorita ya na onye isi otu John Philip Sousa, na euphonium (obere, ngwa ngwa tenor tuba). Nnukwu ụyọkọ tuba site na pedal notes na ihe ijuanya lyrical elu ndekọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na orchestras, brass bands, na wind ensembles, na-enye omimi, ntọala harmonic, na mgbe ụfọdụ egwu egwu.

Cornet: Ụzọ Ụzọ Dị n'Ebe Ọgba Ọgba Ọgba Na Ụbọ

The cornet pụtara na 1820s dị ka a nzaghachi na trumpet si ike ụda na-adịghị mma agility na ala ndekọ. ya nchọpụta, ama cornetist na onye nkụzi Jean-Baptiste Arban, na-emekarị na-akwụ ụgwọ na standardizing cornet si imewe. Otú ọ dị, ngwá ọrụ onwe ya mepụtara si post-ọbọ na ndị mbụ cornet à pistons mepụtara na Paris site na ndị na-emepụta dị ka Halary FLT:3 (a French ngwá ọrụ emeputa onye patented a keyboard bugle predecessor). Arban nnukwu onyinye bụghị nanị na-akpọ ma na-ede na FLT:4 Grand méthode pour pour cornet à pistons et de saxhornTFLT (1848), a usoro ka na-eji taa n'ụwa nile.

Cornet nwere a conical bore dị ka flugelhorn, na-enye ya a warmer, ọzọ nwayọọ ụda karịa trumpet cylindrical bore, ma ọ na-echekwa na-egbuke egbuke overtons na-ebipụ site ensemble textures. Ya kọmpat udi na-anabata valves mere ka ọ na-ahọrọ solo ngwá ke 19th narị afọ ọla kọpa ìgwè na mmalite jazz (ọtụtụ mbụ jazz trumpeters mbụ na-akpọ cornet).

The Flugelhorn: Olu Na-adịghị Mma

The flugelhorn (site na German FLT:0 Flügel nke pụtara wing ma ọ bụ flank, na FLT:2 Horn) mepụtara na narị afọ nke 19 dị ka nnukwu, conical ikwu nke ụbọ akwara.

Na narị afọ nke 20, ndị na-akụ egwú jazz dị ka Miles Davis (na album ahụ bụ Kind of Blue), Clark Terry (FLT: 5), na Art Farmer (FLT: 7), bụ ndị na-akwado àgwà abụ ya maka ballads. Ndị na-emepụta ihe dị ka Yamaha (FLT: 9) na Schilke (FLT: 10) na-aga n'ihu na-emeziwanye imewe ya.

Ụbọ Akụ na Ụbọ Akụ: Ihe Ndị Dị Mfe n'Otu

The FLT:0 bugle bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị mfe ọla akụrụngwa a valveless tube na a conical oghere na a flared mgbịrịgba. Ọ na-eji maka agha mgbaàmà kemgbe oge ochie, ma ya na oge a na ụdị e standardized na narị afọ nke 19 na keyed bugle (tinye igodo ịgbanwe pitch) na mgbe e mesịrị na valvụ bugle. The bugle si dị iche iche ụda na-ukwasamde na Taps, Reveille, na ememe oku.

The FLT:0 melophone bụ a ngwakọ ngwá e mepụtara na narị afọ nke 20 maka marching ìgwè. Ọ na-agwakọta a mpi-dị ka ọnụ na a opi-dị ka valvụ ngalaba na a n'ihu-atụgharị mgbịrịgba, na-atụgharị ụda n'ihu na-ege ntị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ obere na orchestras, mellophone na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na drum corps na marching ìgwè ndokwa, na-emechi ọdịiche dị n'etiti opi na French mpi.

Ihe Ndị Ọzọ A Ma Ama E Ji Brass Mee na Ndị Na-emepụta Ha

E wezụga opi, trombone, mpi, na tuba ndị a ma ama, e nwere ọtụtụ ngwá egwú ndị ọzọ e ji ọla kọpa na-eme nke ọma n'ihi onyinye pụrụ iche ha na-enye:

  • Euphonium: A tenor tuba na a sara mbara conical oghere, na-emepụta a ọgaranya, lyrical ụda. First mepụtara na ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 19 site Ferdinand Sommer na Germany, ọ ghọrọ a staple nke British ọla kọpa. Aha ya na-abịa si Greek euphonos nke pụtara sweet-n'olu.
  • Sousaphone: A na-agagharị tuba mere site J.W. Pepper na arịrịọ nke bandleader John Philip Sousa gburugburu 1893. The sousaphone wraps gburugburu player, na a nnukwu mgbịrịgba ihu n'ihu (ma ọ bụ elu na ụfọdụ aghụghọ), na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka parades na n'èzí ihe.
  • Alto Horn (Tenor Horn na iji British): A obere, conical ọla ntị ngwá e pitched na E ma ọ bụ F, eji na ọla ntị bands. Mepụtara na 1840s site na Adolf Sax dị ka akụkụ nke ya saxhorn ezinụlọ. The alto mpi na-ebu melodic edoghi na a na-ekpo ọkụ, nwayọọ timbre.
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Ihe Nketa nke Ndị Na-emepụta Ihe Ndị E Ji ọla kọpa Akpọ

Ọdịdị nke ngwá egwú ọla bụ akụkọ banyere nkà na nkà nke na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ narị afọ na kọntinent. Ndị nchọpụta dị ka Heinrich Stölzel, Friedrich Blühmel, Wilhelm Wieprecht, Johann Gottfried Moritz, Jean-Baptiste Arban, Charles-Joseph Sax, na J.W. Pepper gbanwere egwu site na ịgbasa ikike teknụzụ nke ngwá egwú ọla.

Taa, a na-anụ ihe nketa nke ndị a mepụtara n'ụlọ oriri na nkwari, ụlọ ịgba egwú jazz, òtù ndị na-agagharị agagharị, na ihe ndekọ dịgasị iche iche n'ụwa nile. Mgbe ọ bụla onye na-afụ opi na-akpọ ụbọ akwara, onye na-egwu egwu na-eme ka ụbọ akwara na-agba, ma ọ bụ onye na-egwu tuba na-akụ ụbọ akwara, anyị na-anụ ihe ndị a rụpụtara site n'afọ ndị anyị nwara ime ihe na-enweghị isi. Ịghọta akụkọ ihe mere eme a na-eme ka anyị nwee ekele maka ezinụlọ ọla kọpa na ọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu n'ikwu okwu egwú, na-echetara anyị na ngwá ndị anyị na-egwu bụ ihe ndị e ji ọtụtụ uche mee nke mere ka ọdịnala ka mma.