Table of Contents

Ƙa'idar Fasaha: Me Ya Sa Fassara Ta Bayyana Ƙwarewar Tagulla

Ga masu wasan kwaikwayo na lasifika da ke kewaya cikin yanayin da ke da wuyar gaske na kayan wasan kwaikwayo na zamanidaga layin da ke tashi daga waƙoƙin Mahler zuwa waƙoƙin kusurwar waƙoƙin sonatas na HindemithFrazincin fasaha ba wani abin marmari bane; shine muhimmin gada tsakanin daidaito na fasaha da sadarwa ta kiɗa. Yayinda sauƙi tare da yatsun hannu, sarrafa ƙuƙwalwa, da jimiri su ne abubuwan da ake buƙata, shine ƙirar kowane jimla wanda ke canza kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayon zuwa labari mai gamsarwa. Bambanci tsakanin karatun ɗalibi da wasan kwaikwayo na ƙwararru galibi ba ya kasance a cikin bayanan da kansu, amma a cikin yadda aka tsara waɗannan bayanan ta hanyar numfashi, motsi, magana, da lokaci. Wannan labarin yana faɗaɗa abubuwan da ke cikin rubutun kalmomi, yana ba wa masu wasan kwaikwayo na lasifika cikakken tsarin fahimta don haɓaka zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zur

Gudanar da Hashi da Fitar da Iska: Injin da Ba a Gani ba na Fassara

Kowane magana a cikin wasan rawa yana farawa da numfashi. A cikin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa, inda jimloli na iya ɗaukar sanduna da yawa tare da manyan matsakaici da ƙarfin aiki, sanya numfashi ya zama babban zaɓi wanda zai iya yin ko karya layin kiɗa.

Ka Yi Hoto Kafin Ka Yi Wasa

Kafin ka buga wata sautin, ka ɗauki sautin kuma ka sanya alama a kowane ma'anar numfashi. Ka tambayi kanka: A ina ne jumla ta sami ci gaba na halitta? A ina akwai ƙuduri mai jituwa? Ka guji numfashi a tsakiyar hawa mai sautin baki ko kafin babban sautin mai mahimmanci. Misali, a cikin shahararren Trumpet Concerto na Alexander Arutunian, doguwar sassan lyrical suna buƙatar numfashi wanda ya dace da hutawa ko a ƙarshen jimloli, koda kuwa waɗannan tazarar sun kasance gajere. Yi aiki da numfashi sosai da sauri a waɗannan lokutan don kula da amincin layi. Aikin da ya dace shi ne kunna kalmar ba tare da numfashi baka kawai raira shi a zahiridon jin inda hutu na halitta ke faruwa. Sa'an nan, haɗa waɗannan abubuwan cikin shirin numfashi. Wannan aikin yana tallafawa ta hanyar bincike daga Tarayyar Trombone ta Duniya, wanda ke jaddada cewa daidaitaccen, ƙarancin TFL: 1:0: [1] yana da mahimmanci ba tare da jimloli ba.

Ƙarfafawa da Ƙarfafawa

Da zarar an kafa wuraren numfashi, mai da hankali kan kiyaye daidaitaccen iska mai ƙarfi a cikin dukan jimlar. Yawancin masu wasan lasifika ba da gangan ba sa barin matsin iska ya ragu a lokacin jinkiri ko a ƙarshen bayanan, yana sa sauti ya yi rawar jiki ko rasa sautin. Yi amfani da motsa jiki mai tsawo a mezzo-forte, yana nufin sautin kwanciyar hankali gaba ɗaya a cikin cikakken zangon jimlar. Gwajin da ke canza saurin iska don matakai daban-daban: sauri, iska mai ma'ana don matakai masu ƙarfi; jinkiri, iska mai zafi don pianissimo. Wannan fasaha tana da mahimmanci a cikin aikin mawaƙa na lasifika kamar kayan mawaƙa na Richard Strauss a Helbendenle [FLT: 0], inda ƙaho da layin ƙaho dole ne su kasance masu ƙarfi da ƙwarewa. Rikodin kanka yayin waɗannan motsa jiki na iya bayyana wasu ƙarancin rashin daidaito da ba za ka iya ji a ainihin lokacin ba.

Halin da Za a Yi da Kuma Labarin Kiɗa

Dynamics ba kawai saitin girma ba ne; sune babban kayan aiki don isar da yanayin motsin rai. Tsarin motsin rai mai santsi yana sa kiɗa ya zama mai sauti, yayin da layin motsin rai mai kyau zai iya jagorantar masu sauraro ta hanyar tashin hankali, saki, ƙaruwa, da ƙuduri. A cikin ayyukan jaraba mai rikitarwa, mawaki yakan ba da alamun motsin rai, amma galibi sune farkon farawa, ba makoma ba. Mafi kyawun fassarar suna ƙara ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin a cikin waɗannan alamun don ƙirƙirar rayuwa, numfashi labari.

Ƙarfi da Ƙarfi: Ƙarfi Mai Ƙarfi

Don kowane jumla, tambayi kanka: A ina ne ƙwanƙolin motsin rai? Wannan lokacin ya kamata ya zama mafi ƙarfi ko mafi ƙarfi, sau da yawa ya daidaita da wani babban harmonic ko melodic. Gina shi a hankali, sannan ka rage shi tare da raguwa mai sarrafawa. Guji tarkon wasa kowane jumla a matakin motsi guda ɗaya. Misali, a cikin jinkirin motsi na Hindemith Trumpet Sonata, ana iya ba da alamar FLT:0 piano a kan layin tashi da raguwa a kan ɓangaren sauka, yana haifar da sakamako mai kama da shi. Ko da a cikin sautin da aka ci gaba, zaku iya fara motsi kaɗan, girma zuwa tsakiyar, sannan ku ɓace don kwaikwayon lalatawar ɗan mawaƙa. Wannan, wanda aka sani da TFL:0 diamus:3, fasaha ce ta tarihi da aka sani da kuma nuna alama a kan wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa.

Yin Amfani da Dynamics Don Bayyana Tsarin

Dynamics kuma taimaka wajen tsara sassan wani yanki. A sonata-allegro form, misali, bayanin na iya zama mafi tabbatarwa, ci gaba ya fi karko, kuma sake dubawa ya fi kwanciyar hankali. Ta hanyar daidaita tsarin motsa jiki naka daidai, ka bayyana tsarin kiɗa ga mai sauraro. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin mahallin mawaƙa inda ɓangaren mawaƙa dole ne ya daidaita da igiyoyi da igiyoyi. Nazarin da aka yi da FLT:0 Oregon Symphony akan ƙarfin mawaƙa a cikin wasa yana nuna yadda ƙananan bambancin matsin lamba zasu iya shafar haɗuwa da sautin, yana mai daɗaɗaɗa bukatar daidaitawa mai hankali.

Yadda Za a Yi Magana: Yadda Za a Yi Magana

Yayin da numfashi da kuma matakai suna samar da kwararar magana ta hanyar magana, magana tana ƙara launi mai tsayi a kai hari da sakin kowane bayanin kula. Masu wasan jan ƙarfe suna da fadi: legato, staccato, marcato, tenuto, ma'ana, da kuma maganganun mahaukaci daban-daban. A cikin ayyuka masu rikitarwa, magana mai canzawa a cikin jumla tana hana tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma tana nuna mahimman bayanan tsari. Misali, dogon magana mai mahimmanci na iya farawa da legato mai laushi, sannan ya haɗa da ɗan ƙaramin ma'ana a kan ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin, sannan ya biyo bayan sakin mai laushi.

Yadda Ake Hada Hanyar Legato da Hanyar Da Ba a Daidaita Ta Ba

Wata fasaha mai tasiri ita ce maye gurbin tsakanin legato da haɗin kai a cikin jumla guda ɗaya, musamman a kan bayanan maimaitawa ko sassan scalar. A cikin shahararren ƙaho daga Bizets Carmen: 0 (a zahiri wani rubutun mawaƙa), ana iya yin wasan farko tare da ƙarancin magana, yayin da layin da ya biyo baya ya zama mafi ƙarancin magana don ƙirƙirar bambanci. Yin aiki da wannan jumla tare da nau'ikan magana daban-dabanNa farko duk legato, sannan duk staccato, to, cakuda sigar zai faɗaɗa ikon ku kuma ya taimaka muku gano wanda ya fi dacewa da kiɗa. Littafin Brass Methods: An Essential Resource for Educators David Kish: 2 ta hanyar haɗin kai ta ƙunshi kyawawan motsa jiki don haɓaka sassauci da yawa, kuma ana iya amfani da su kai tsaye don nazarin fasali masu ci gaba a cikin wallafe-wallafen.

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A cikin matakai masu ƙalubale na fasaha, kamar saurin layin sautin goma sha shida a cikin waƙar ƙaho ta Vivaldi, ƙamus dole ne ya kasance daidai don kiyaye tsabta ta ɗabi'a ba tare da sadaukar da kiɗa ba. Yi amfani da haske, harshen kafin iska don saurin, amma har yanzu yana tsara jimlar ta hanyar jaddada ƙananan ƙananan sautin ko ƙarancin ƙamus. Yin taƙaita kowane ƙamus yana haifar da sauti na inji; rashin jaddadawa yana haifar da ƙwarewa. Manufa ita ce yanayin sarrafawa inda magana ta jaddada tsarin jimla ba tare da mamaye shi ba.

Tempo da Rubato: Ra'ayin da Ya Sa Mutane Suka Yi Abubuwan da Suka Yi Ba Da Son Kai

Rubatoda hankali turawa da jan tempone daya daga cikin mafi iko amma kuma mafi hatsari kayan aikin ga masu wasa da tagulla. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi da kyau, zai iya sa mai yin sauti ya bayyana kuma ɗan adam; lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai ko kuma ba a lissafa shi ba, zai iya lalata haɗin kai da kuma daidaiton rhythmic. A cikin ayyukan tagulla masu rikitarwa, musamman waɗanda ke da haɗin haɗin kai mai yawa, rubato dole ne a yi amfani da shi da hankali da kuma bayyana niyya.

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Fara ta hanyar kunna kalmar a cikin saurin lokaci tare da metronome, ta amfani da tsarin motsi da kuma haɗin kai da kuka haɓaka. Da zarar an tabbatar da hakan, gwada tare da ƙananan hanzari zuwa ƙwanƙolin kalmar da raguwa bayan ta. Misali, a cikin aikin salon soyayya kamar Schumann Adagio da Allegro don ƙahoni, buɗewa Adagio yana amfana daga taushi mai laushi akan layin hawa da jan baya akan waɗanda ke saukowa. mabuɗin shine cewa gabaɗaya bugun jini ya kasance mai iya gani; canji ya kamata ya zama kamar numfashi, ba kamar karya ba. Rubuta kanka kuma bincika daidaito idan rubato ya kasance bazuwar, sake duba shi.

Rubato a cikin Jigogi na Ƙungiya

Lokacin wasa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ko rakiyar piano, rubato dole ne a daidaita shi. A cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta biyar, sauƙin saurin wani ɗan wasa yana shafar sauran. Hanyar da aka saba ita ce barin babban muryar waƙa ta jagoranci tare da rubato, yayin da sauran muryoyin ke kula da madaidaicin bugun ciki wanda ke bin jagorancin waƙar. Wannan yana buƙatar sauraro mai mahimmanci da amincewa da juna.

Koyon Daga Maigida: Sauraro da Nazarin

Wataƙila hanya mafi inganci don haɓaka maganganun fasaha ita ce ta nutse cikin rikodin mawaƙa na duniya. Sauraron bai kamata ya zama mai aiki baya kamata ya zama mai nazari. Ka lura da yadda mai yin wasan kwaikwayon ke amfani da numfashi, motsi, magana, da lokaci don tsara kowane jimla. Sa'an nan kuma, yi ƙoƙarin sake maimaita waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan a cikin aikinka, ba kwafa ba amma don fahimtar dalilin da ke bayan su.

Nazarin Ayyuka Masu Kyau

Don masu fure, saurari duk wani rikodin da Maurice André ko Alison Balsom suka yi. Ga masu ƙaho, fassarar Dennis Brain na Mozart Horn Concertos sune mizani. Masu wasan trumpet na iya koya daga kalmomin Christian Lindberg a cikin ayyukan zamani. Mai da hankali kan jumla ɗaya a lokaci: raira waƙa tare da rikodin, sannan kunna shi a kan kayan aikinka, ƙoƙarin daidaita jumlar daidai. Bayan haka, fassara shi a hanyarku ta canza motsi, magana, ko rubato kadan yayin da kuke riƙe da niyyar motsin rai. Wannan tsari, wani lokacin ana kiran shi da emulation da keɓancewa na FLT: 0, ana tallafawa shi ta hanyar ka'idodin ilimi a cikin ilimin, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin albarkatu kamar su FLT: 3.

Sauraron da Aka Yi a Wurin Sauraron Kayan Waƙa

Kada ku iyakance kanku ga jan ƙarfe. Saurari manyan mawaƙa opera tenors, jazz vocalistskuma ku lura da yadda suke tsara jimloli tare da numfashi, vibrato, da rubato. mawaƙa galibi suna ba da jimloli mafi kyau saboda numfashi ne ke sarrafa su kai tsaye. Aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idodin ga wasan jan ƙarfe. Misali, yadda mawaƙa ya ƙare jimloli tare da sakin iska mai laushi na iya kwaikwayon ta hanyar ragewa da kuma magana mai laushi a ƙarshen layin jan ƙarfe. Wannan ƙirar ƙirar ƙira tana wadatar da fassararku.

Ka Yi Koyi da Yadda Za Ka Yi Wasa Mai Kyau

Ba za a iya yin amfani da kalmomi ba a cikin dare. Yana buƙatar tsari, da ganganci da ya wuce kawai ta hanyar yin amfani da wani abu. An tsara dabarun da ke gaba don ware abubuwa da ke cikin magana da kuma haɗa su cikin tsarinka na gaba ɗaya.

Ka Yi Koyi a Hanyar Da Ta Dace

Yi wasa da matakai masu wuya a rabin saurin ko a hankali, amma tare da haɓakaccen motsi, magana, da sanya numfashi. Wannan yana rage nauyin fahimi, yana ba ku damar mai da hankali gaba ɗaya akan siffar jimlar. Yi amfani da saitin metronome zuwa sautin mai jinkiri sosai (misali, kwata = 40) kuma aiwatar da kowane sautin da niyya. Wannan yana da tasiri musamman ga dogon lokaci, fasaha a cikin ayyuka kamar Arbans Fantasy Brillante for trumpet.

Sashin Bayani da Haɗin

Rage wani dogon magana zuwa ƙananan ɓangarorice, kowane ɗayan biyu zuwa uku. Ku mallaki magana a cikin kowane yanki: numfashi a gabansa, madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya, tsarin magana. Sannan, fara haɗa ɓangarori tare, haɗuwa da ƙarshen ɗayan tare da farkon na gaba har sai da dukan jumla ta gudana cikin sauƙi. Wannan fasaha ana amfani da ita ta hanyar masu wasan rawa na ƙwararru yayin shirya ɓangarorin mawaƙa, kamar kiran ƙaho a cikin Mahler's Symphony No. 3 , inda kowane kira dole ne a siffanta shi daban amma ɓangare na babban tattaunawa.

Rubutawa da Yin Ƙa'ida Kan Kai

Rubuta kanka yana wasa wani ɓangare na kundin ka, sannan ka saurara ba tare da kallon ƙididdigar ba. Tambayi kanka: Shin kalmomin suna sadarwa da sararin samaniya mai kyau? Shin ƙarfin hali? Shin maganganun sun bambanta? Shin rubato yana da ɗanɗano ko yana jan hankali? Yi bayanin kula akan abin da za a canza, sannan sake kunnawa tare da gyare-gyare. Kwatanta rikodin ku da rikodin tunani na mai koyarwa. Wannan tsari yana tilasta muku sauraro da ganganci kuma kuyi kyautatawa. Jagorar aikin kwalejin kiɗa na Berkeley ya jaddada cewa rikodin kai yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi mafi sauri don cike rata tsakanin niyya da aiwatarwa.

Yin Amfani da Metronome Domin Auna Ƙarfin Ƙarfin

Yayin da kake yin amfani da kalmomi, yi amfani da metronome ba a matsayin mai mulki ba amma a matsayin kayan aiki na ƙasa. Saita shi zuwa jinkirin saurin kuma kunna jumlarka tare da cikakken motsi da magana, amma ka tabbata cewa kowane bugun ya daidaita daidai da metronome. Sa'an nan kuma, ƙara rubato ta hanyar hanzarta ko riƙe wasu bayanan, amma koyaushe komawa metronome danna kan bugun jini mai ƙarfi na gaba. Wannan yana horar da agogon ciki don kasancewa mai daidaito koda lokacin da kake gwaji tare da sassauƙa.

Yin aiki tare da kocin ko kuma abokin aiki

Bayanin daga wani gogaggen malami ko abokin aiki na iya bayyana makafi a cikin jimlarka. Yi wasa da wani sashe a gare su, sannan ka yi tambayoyi na musamman: Shin ka ji ƙaruwar? Shin wurin numfashi ya bayyane? Shin magana ta taimaka ko ta hana layin? Wani lokaci wani ra'ayi mai sauƙi kamar Yin ƙoƙarin fara wannan jimlar a hankali kuma gina ta hankalina iya canza sashe. Ko da kuna yin aiki kadai, zaku iya kwaikwayon wannan ta hanyar yin rikodi sannan ku bincika kamar kuna zama malaminku.

Ƙarshe: Yin Magana a matsayin Labari

Fassarar fasaha a cikin ayyukan jan ƙarfe masu rikitarwa ba saura da ƙa'idodi da za a haddace amma ci gaba da ganowa. Yana farawa da zurfin fahimtar tsarin kiɗa da motsin rai, kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar sarrafa numfashi, motsin rai, magana, da lokaci. Tafiya tana buƙatar haƙuri.Kowane yanki da kuka koya yana ba da sababbin ƙalubale da dama don haɓaka. Amma lada yana da zurfi: ikon sadarwa kai tsaye tare da masu sauraro, don sa su ji tashin hankali na magana mai tasowa da sakin ƙuduri, don faɗi labarin da ya wuce bayanan da ke shafi. Yayin da kuke motsawa, ku tuna cewa wasan kwaikwayon da ya fi bayyanawa shine waɗanda bukatun fasaha suka zama marasa ganuwa, barin ruhun kiɗa kawai. Ku yi gwaji tare da son sani, ba tare da tsoro ba, kuma ku amince da kowane magana. Mai zane zai zurfafa da kowane numfashi da kuke numfashi.