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Gabatarwa ga Makamashi da Motsi

Ƙarfin da motsi na injiniya sune tushen ilimin lissafi da injiniya, suna sarrafa komai daga motsawa na pendulum zuwa ƙaddamar da roka. Ko kuna tsara gada, gyara matsala a cikin injin mota, ko kuma kawai fahimtar yadda ƙwallon ke motsawa lokacin da aka doke shi, waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna da mahimmanci. Wannan labarin ya faɗaɗa ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙarfin da motsi na injiniya, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da cikakkun bayanai ga ɗalibai, masu sha'awar, da ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Za mu bincika yanayin ƙarfi, ilimin lissafin motsi, dokokin Newton, da aikace-aikacen duniyar gaske waɗanda ke tsara rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun.

Menene Ƙarfin Makaranta?

A cikin mafi sauki sharuddan, wani karfi na inji shi ne tura ko janyewa da aka yi a kan wani abu sakamakon hulɗarsa da wani abu. Kusanci na iya sa wani abu ya hanzarta, ya rage gudu, ya canza shugabanci, ko kuma ya karkata. Su ne FLT: 0 vector girma, ma'ana suna da girma (yadda karfi da tura ko janye ne) da kuma shugabanci. SI na karfi shine Newton (N) Newton (FLT: 3), wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ƙarfin da ake buƙata don hanzarta kilogiram daya a mita daya a cikin na biyu. Aikin Sir Isaac Newton a karni na 17 ya daidaita wannan fahimtar, yana kafa tushe ga kayan aikin gargajiya.

A duk inda akwai karfi: tashin hankali a cikin igiya yayin da ake jan yaki, ƙarfin al'ada daga tebur da ke tallafawa littafi, jan hankalin ƙasa, da kuma rigakafin da ke rage saurin akwatin zamewa. Don nazarin waɗannan hulɗar, injiniyoyi da masana kimiyyar lissafi galibi suna zana zane-zane na jiki kyauta wanda ke keɓe wani abu kuma yana nuna duk ƙarfin da ke aiki akan shi, wanda ke da mahimmanci don lissafin ƙarfin net da motsi da ya haifar.

Nau'in Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin

Ana rarraba sojojin inji a cikin karfi da karfi da ba su da alaka, kowannensu yana da manyan nau'o'in:

  • Hukumar tuntuɓar: Yana faruwa ne lokacin da abubuwa biyu suka taɓa juna. Misalai masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da:
    • [[Fercen Al'ada: Ƙarfin tallafi mai madaidaiciya wanda wani farfajiya ke yi. Alal misali, littafi a kan tebur yana fuskantar ƙarfin daidaita nauyi na sama.
    • Friction: Ƙarfin juriya wanda ke aiki daidai da farfajiya a cikin lamba, motsi mai adawa (ko motsi mai zuwa). Za mu tattauna game da friction a daki-daki a baya.
    • Tensiyon: Ƙarfin janyewa da aka watsa ta hanyar igiya, kebul, ko sarkar lokacin da aka shimfiɗa shi.
    • Irin da aka yi amfani da shi: Duk wani turawa ko jan hankali da mutum ko inji ya yi, kamar tura keken.
    • Rashin ƙarfi: Ƙarfin dawowa da matsin lamba ko tsayi ya yi, gwargwadon motsawa (Dokar Hooke).
  • Ƙarfin da ba ya haɗuwa: Yana aiki a nesa ba tare da haɗuwa kai tsaye ba. Nau'ikan gama gari sun haɗa da:
    • [[Gravity: Ƙarfin jan hankali tsakanin kowane taro biyu. A duniya, yana ba da nauyin abubuwa (W = mg, inda g ≈ 9.81 m / s2).
    • Magnetic Forces: jawo hankali ko karkatarwa tsakanin maganadisu ko tsakanin maganadisu da kayan ferromagnetic.
    • Kwanakin lantarki:Kwanakin tsakanin cajin lantarki, kamar jan hankali tsakanin cajin da ya dace ko karkatarwa tsakanin cajin da ya dace.

Fahimtar hulɗar waɗannan ƙarfin yana da mahimmanci don hango ko hasashen motsi ko daidaitattun tsari. Alal misali, ɗagawa yana motsawa zuwa sama ya ƙunshi tashin hankali a cikin wayoyi, ƙarfin al'ada a ƙasa, da nauyi duk suna aiki lokaci ɗaya.

Fahimtar Ƙa'idar

Motsi shine canjin matsayin abu dangane da tsarin tunani a tsawon lokaci. Duk da yake muna amfani da kalmomin yau da kullun kamar "gudun" ko "gudun", ilimin lissafi yana buƙatar ma'anoni masu kyau: motsawa, sauri, da hanzari. Waɗannan ƙididdigar vector ba kawai suna nuna girma ba har ma da shugabanci, yana sa nazarin motsi duka biyu na lissafi da na lissafi.

Tafiya, Saurin, da Kuma Hanzari

  • Matsayi: Matsayi: Matsayi mai laushi daga farkon zuwa ƙarshen, gami da shugabanci. Misali, tafiya mita 5 arewa sannan mita 3 gabas yana haifar da motsi na kimanin mita 5.83 arewa maso gabas. Wannan ya bambanta da nesa, wanda ya hada da jimlar hanyar da aka yi tafiya (8 mita).
  • Saurin gudu: Saurin sauyawa. Matsakaicin gudu = motsawa ÷ lokaci. Saurin sauri shine saurin a kowane lokaci. Sauri shine girman saurin a sikelin. Motoci da ke tafiya arewa da kilomita 60 / h yana da saurin kilomita 60 / h arewa.
  • FlT: 0: Saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin

Don ganin waɗannan, la'akari da zane: gangar hoto na lokaci-lokaci yana ba da sauri; gangar hoto na lokaci-lokaci yana ba da hanzari. Yankin da ke ƙarƙashin hoto na lokaci-lokaci yana da daidai da motsi. Waɗannan alaƙar suna da mahimmanci a cikin kinematics, nazarin motsi ba tare da la'akari da ƙarfi ba.

Nau'in Motsi

Za a iya rarraba motsi ta hanyar hanyarsa da kuma daidaito:

  • Motsi na layi: Motsi a cikin layi madaidaiciya, kamar jirgin ƙasa a kan madaidaiciyar hanya. Yana iya zama daidai (hanzari mai daidaituwa) ko kuma ba daidai ba (hanzarta).
  • FLT:0: Motsi na juyawa: Motsi a kusa da axis, kamar juyawa na ƙafa ko juyawa na duniya.
  • FLT:0: Motsi na Lokaci: Motsi na maimaitawa gaba da baya, kamar ƙwanƙwasa ko taro akan spring (mai sauƙi motsi).
  • FLT:0: Motsi na aikin motsa jiki: Motsi na biyu-mataki a ƙarƙashin nauyi, misali, harbi na kwando. Bangaren kwance yana da daidaituwa (ba tare da yin la'akari da juriya ta iska ba), yayin da motsi mai tsaye ke hanzarta ƙasa.

Dokokin Newton na Motsi

Dokokin Newton guda uku sune tushen tushen injiniya na gargajiya. Suna samar da tsarin don danganta karfi ga motsi da ya samo asali. Kowane doka ana tallafawa ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje marasa adadi kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau don yawancin aikace-aikacen injiniya (sai dai inda alaƙa ko tasirin quantum ya mamaye).

Dokar Farko: Dokar Inertia

"A abu a hutawa zauna a hutawa, kuma wani abu a motsi zauna a motsi a wani m gudun ba sai dai idan ya yi aiki a kan wani net waje karfi. " Wannan dokar gabatar da manufar da inertia da wani abu ya yi tsayayya da canje-canje a cikin ta motsi jihar. inertia ne kai tsaye a cikin gwargwadon taro: mafi m abubuwa da mafi girma inertia. Alal misali, mai nauyi truck bukatar mai yawa fiye da karfi don hanzarta ko tsayawa fiye da wani keke. Idan kana a cikin wani mota da cewa ba zato ba tsammani brakes, jikinka lurks gaba domin your inertia yana so ya ci gaba da kai a motsi a cikin asali gudun. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa belts ne muhimmanci: su samar da waje karfi don amince jinkirta ka.

Doka ta biyu: F = ma

"Hanyar hanzari ta wani abu ta dace kai tsaye da ƙarfin ƙarfin da ke aiki akansa kuma a akasin haka ya dace da nauyinsa. "A cikin ilimin lissafi: F_net = m × a, inda F_net shine adadin ƙarfin dukkan ƙarfi, m shine taro, kuma a shine hanzari. Wannan dokar tana ƙididdige yadda ƙarfin ke tasiri motsi. Misali, idan ka tura akwatin 10 kg tare da ƙarfin 20 N (ba tare da yin watsi da taƙaitawa ba), hanzari shine 2 m / s.

Dokar Uku: Yin aiki da kuma amsa

"Ga kowane aiki, akwai daidai da kuma akasinsa amsa". Wannan yana nufin cewa karfi ko da yaushe zo a cikin nau'i-nau'i. Lokacin da ka tura a kan bango, bango na tura ka baya da wannan girma. Ba ka motsa ba saboda ƙasa ma yana nuna friction don kiyaye ka a tsaye.

Waɗannan dokoki uku suna taimaka mana mu yi hasashen yadda abubuwa za su yi tafiya, kuma hakan ma ya sa mu yi amfani da su wajen yin amfani da su a tsarin kwaikwayo.

Yadda Ƙarfin Yake Shafan Motsi

Force shine dalilin hanzari, amma dangantakar ba koyaushe take kai tsaye ba saboda yawancin karfi suna aiki a lokaci guda........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ

Friction yana tasowa daga ƙananan hulɗa tsakanin farfajiyoyi. Yana aiki koyaushe a akasin jagoran motsi (ko motsi mai zuwa). Friction yana da mahimmanci ba tare da shi ba, ba za ku iya tafiya, rubuta da alkalami, ko tuka mota ba. Amma kuma yana haifar da asarar makamashi a matsayin zafi. Girman friction ya dogara da yanayin farfajiyoyi da ƙarfin da ke matsa su tare, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ma'aunin friction (μ).

  • Static Friction (μ s [[FLT:]]s: [[FLT:]]s:]] [[FLT:]]s:]] [[FLT:]]s:]] [[FLT:]]s:]] [[FLT:]]s:]]s: [[FLT:]]s:]]s: [[FLT:]]s:]]s: [[FLT:]]s:]]s: [[FLT:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s:]]s
  • Kinesic Friction (μk) : : [[Farfin da ke adawa da motsi lokacin da abu ya riga ya zame. Yana da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan
  • FLT:0: Rashin juyawa: juriya da aka samu lokacin da wani abu ya yi juyawa a kan farfajiya, ƙasa da juyawa mai juyawa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙafafun suna da inganci.
  • Resistance Air (Drag) (FLT: 1): Wani nau'in rigakafin ruwa wanda ya dogara da sauri, yanki na farfajiyar, da siffar. Ga abubuwa masu faduwa, juriya yana ƙaruwa har sai ya daidaita nauyi, wanda ke haifar da saurin ƙarshe na FLT: 3 iyakar saurin da aka samu. Skydivers suna fuskantar wannan lokacin da suka daina hanzarta.

Fahimtar jujjuyawar yana da mahimmanci a cikin zane: brakes suna dogara ne akan babban jujjuyawar, yayin da injuna da bearings suna nufin rage shi.

Aikace-aikacen Aiki da Ƙarfin Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar H

Ka'idodin karfi da motsi suna shiga cikin kowane bangare na fasaha da rayuwar yau da kullum.

Tafiya

  • Cars: Injin yana samar da karfin juyawa don tuka ƙafafun, yana samar da karfin juyawa daga tayoyin kan hanya don tura motar gaba. Brakes suna amfani da juyawa ga ƙafafun don rage gudu. Seatbelts da airbags suna amfani da inertia don kare fasinjoji yayin tsayawa kwatsam.
  • Jiragen sama: Injin jet yana samar da turawa (ƙarfin amsawa) don shawo kan juriya, yayin da fuka-fuki ke haifar da ɗagawa ta hanyar bambancin matsa lamba.
  • Jirgin kasa: Jirgin kasa na karfe a kan layin karfe suna rage jujjuyawar jujjuyawar, yana ba da damar tafiya mai sauri. Jirgin kasa na magnetic levitation (maglev) suna amfani da karfin magnetic don ɗagawa da turawa, kawar da jujjuyawar gaba ɗaya.

Kayan aiki da Injiniya

  • Injin Simple: Hanyoyi, pulleys, da jirage masu lankwasawa suna kara karfin karfi don sauƙaƙa aiki. Misali, hanzari yana ninka karfin da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar cinikayyar nesa da karfi (farkon Archimedes).
  • Robotics: Makamai masu aiki da kai suna amfani da injuna (mors), haɗin gwiwa, da haɗin gwiwa don amfani da ƙarfi da motsi daidai.
  • Injiniyan gini da gadoji dole ne su jure da karfi kamar nauyi, iska, da girgizar ƙasa. Injiniyoyi suna lissafin damuwa (ƙarfi a kowane yanki) da tsara katako, ginshiƙai, da tushe don kauce wa gazawar. Kayan aiki kamar karfe da kankare suna da takamaiman halaye na ƙarfi.

Wasanni da Nishaɗi

  • FLT:0: Motsi na aikin kwando: Harbin kwando, jefa takobi, da kuma motsawa ta golf duk sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da abu a kusurwar mafi kyau (yawanci 45 ° don mafi girman zangon watsi da juriya ta iska).
  • Friction a Wasanni: 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa suna amfani da ƙuƙwalwa don haɓaka friction tare da ciyawa; masu jefa ƙwallon baseball suna dogaro da friction don juya ƙwallon don ƙwallon ƙafa. Surfers suna amfani da ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa don hawa a saman ruwa.
  • FLT:0: Lokaci da haɗuwa: A wasanni kamar dambe ko ƙwallon ƙafa, fahimtar motsa jiki (ƙarfi × lokaci) yana taimakawa wajen tsara kayan kariya wanda ke tsawaita lokacin tasiri don rage ƙarfin jiki.

Takaitaccen Bayani da Ƙarin Bincike

Ƙarfin da motsi ba kawai ra'ayoyin littafi ba ne sune masu motsa jiki marasa ganuwa na duniyarmu ta zahiri. Ta hanyar fahimtar yanayin vector na karfi, yawan kinematics, da dokokin Newton, kuna samun ikon nazarin dalilin da yasa abubuwa ke yin yadda suke yi. Friction, yayin da galibi ana ganin shi a matsayin matsala, ƙarfi ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke ba da damar motsi da iko. Daga sufuri zuwa gini zuwa wasanni, ana amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin kowace rana don ƙirƙira da warware matsaloli.

Don ka ƙara fahimtar abin da kake karantawa, ka bincika waɗannan albarkatun:

Kowane mutum yana da ƙwarewa a cikin waɗannan abubuwa na asali, kuma yana iya samun damar yin amfani da su a wasu fannoni na rayuwa, kamar aiki, makamashi, kuzari, da kuma juyawa.