Don masu kunna lasifika, bawul shine ƙofar zuwa 'yancin chromatic. Kafin kirkirar sa, kayan aikin lasifika sun iyakance ga jerin jituwa na halitta - iyakancewar da ta tilasta wa masu kunnawa aiki a cikin saiti ɗaya na sautin sama da kuma dogaro da maye gurbin masu shiru ko masu yaudara don canza maɓalli. Gabatar da bawul a farkon karni na 19 ya canza ƙarfin kayan aikin, yana ba da damar saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin sa a cikin dukkanin yanayin yanayin chromatic. Wannan labarin yana bincika kayan aikin da ke bayan wannan canjin: yadda tsarin bawul ke aiki, bambancin tsakanin manyan kayayyaki, da abin da kowane mai kunnawa da fasaha ya kamata ya sani game da kulawar su da tasiri akan sauti.

Tarihi na Ƙananan Valves a Cikin Kayan Wajen Gasa

A cikin ƙarni na farko, kayan aikin tagulla sun dogara ne kawai akan jerin haɗin kai na halitta. 'Yan wasa za su iya samar da sautin daga jerin sautin kayan aiki kawai, wanda ya iyakance su zuwa sikelin guda ɗaya. Fitar da bawul a farkon karni na 19 wanda Heinrich Stölzel da Friedrich Blühmel suka yi a kusa da 1814 ya canza ƙirar tagulla. Ta hanyar ba wa' yan wasa damar ƙara ƙarin bututu nan take, bawul sun sa cikakken sikelin chromatic ya kasance mai sauƙi. Wannan ƙwarewar ya haifar da ci gaban ƙaho na zamani, ƙaho, flugelhorns, ƙaho na Faransa, euphoniums, da bututu, canza rawar tagulla a cikin ƙungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyi, da wasan solo.

Abubuwan farko da aka fara amfani da su a cikin bawul sune bawul na box da bawul na Stölzel, wanda ke amfani da piston mai ɗaukar fitila wanda ke zamewa zuwa gefe. Waɗannan hanyoyin da suka gabata sun kasance masu saurin lalacewa kuma suna buƙatar kulawa ta yau da kullun, amma sun tabbatar da ra'ayin. A tsakiyar karni na 19, bawul mai juyawa (wanda Josef Riedl ya ƙirƙira a 1832) da bawul na piston na zamani (wanda François Périnet ya kammala a 1838) sun fito a matsayin zane biyu masu rinjaye.

Yadda Valves Suke Canja Hanyar Iska

A cikin zuciyarta, bawul yana aiki a matsayin mai sauyawa wanda ke sake jagorantar iska ta hanyar juyawa ta bututu. Lokacin da ba a latsa bawul ɗin ba, iska tana tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin babban rami. kunna bawul ɗin yana buɗe tashoshi waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarin tsayin bututu, yana tsawaita kayan aiki. Saboda sautin yana da alaƙa da tsawon bututu, ginshiƙai mafi tsayi yana haifar da ƙaramin sautin. Cikakken lokacin da bawul ɗin ya rage sautin ya dogara da tsawon ƙarin bututun. Misali, a kan ƙaho na yau da kullun, bawul na biyu yana ƙara bututun da ya isa ya rage sautin rabin sautin, bawul na farko ya rage sautin biyu, kuma bawul na uku ya rage sautin uku.

Wannan tsarin yana bawa 'yan wasa damar hada bawul don kowane bayanin kula na chromatic a cikin zangon kayan aiki. Misali, latsa bawul na farko da na biyu tare yana ƙara tsawon bututun bawul ɗin biyu, yana rage sautin da yafi uku (ƙananan kashi uku). Fahimtar yadda kowane haɗuwa ke shafar sautin yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen intonation, musamman tunda wasu haɗuwa suna da ɗan kaifi saboda yanayin buɗewa da rufin bututun.

Nau'in bawul: Piston vs. Rotary vs. Wasu

Fitowa na piston

Piston valves are the most common type, found on trumpets, cornets, flugelhorns, many tubas, and some early design euphoniums. They consist of a cylindrical piston that moves vertically inside a sealed casing. Each piston contains three or four ports (holes) that align with the casing’s openings when the valve is up (closed) or down (pressed). When the player pushes the button, a spring-loaded mechanism drives the piston downward, rerouting the air through the auxiliary tubing. Releasing the button returns the piston to its original position via the spring.

Abũbuwan amfãni daga piston bawul sun hada da sauri aiki da kuma m tactile feedback, sa su manufa ga m wucewa. duk da haka, suna bukatar daidai tsaye daidaitawa da kuma na yau da kullum lubrication don kauce wa manne. mafi yawan zamani piston bawul ne daga nickel-azurfa ko bakin karfe don tsayayya da lalata da lalacewa.

Fitowa na juyawa

A cikin murhunan Faransa da kuma bututun mawaƙa da yawa, ana amfani da bawul na juyawa. maimakon motsawa sama da ƙasa, rotor - gajeren silinda mai hanyoyi biyu ko uku - yana juyawa a cikin akwatin. Lokacin da aka juya rotor (yawanci ta hanyar haɗin haɗin da aka kunna da hanzari), hanyar iska ta sauya daga babban bore zuwa ƙarin bututun. bawul na juyawa suna ba da iska mai santsi sosai, mai ƙarancin juriya saboda tashoshin jiragen ruwa na iya zama mafi girma kuma juyawa ba saurin juyawa. Wannan yana sa su fi son yin wasa da launi mai laushi.

A cikin lokaci, lalacewar rotor na iya haifar da lalacewar iska, wanda ke lalata sautin da amsa. Kulawa ya ƙunshi cirewa lokaci-lokaci, tsaftacewa, da kuma amfani da mai mai mai haske. Hakanan dole ne a daidaita tsarin haɗawa (yawanci igiyoyi ko kayan aiki) don tabbatar da amintaccen juyawa.

Vienna da Sauran Nau'in Valve

Ba a san shi sosai ba amma a tarihi yana da mahimmanci shine bawul na Vienna (wanda kuma ake kira bawul na ƙaho biyu ko bawul na ƙaho biyu). Yana haɗuwa da piston guda biyu da suka yi zamewa tare, suna ba da jin daɗi na musamman da kuma wasu halaye na sauti daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, wasu kayan aiki na farko sun yi amfani da bawul na box ko Stölzel na asali amma mahimman matakai a cikin juyin halittar bawul. Ana amfani da bawul na zamani na piston biyu har yanzu a kan wasu kayan aikin sake haifar da tarihi da kuma wani lokaci a kan sabbin ƙahoni.

Duk da yake tsarin piston da na juyawa suna mamaye kasuwa, masana'antun suna ci gaba da bincika tsarin hybrid (misali, bawul na kwararar axial) don haɗuwa da fa'idodin duka. Ga yawancin 'yan wasa, zaɓin tsakanin piston da na juyawa ya rage zuwa nau'in kayan aiki, fifiko na mutum, da yanayin kiɗa.

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Don cikakken fahimtar yadda bawul ke aiki, yana da amfani a hango hanyar ciki. A cikin bawul ɗin piston, akwai tashoshi uku ko huɗu da aka hako ta hanyar piston a kusurwoyi na digiri 90. Lokacin da bawul ɗin ya huta (ba a latsa shi ba), tashoshin suna daidaitawa don ba da damar iska ta gudana kai tsaye ta hanyar babban rami. Lokacin da aka matse piston, tashoshin suna daidaitawa tare da buɗewa daban-daban na kwalliya waɗanda ke haɗuwa da ƙarin bututun bututun. Wannan galibi ana bayyana shi azaman U- juya ta hanyar ƙarin bututun kuma ya koma babban rami.

A cikin yanayin tsaka tsaki, hanyar ta haɗu da babban rami. Juyawa rotor a cikin juyawa na kwata-kwata yana daidaita hanyar zuwa bututun ƙetare. Ayyukan suna da santsi amma suna buƙatar haɗuwa ta hanyar inji. Saboda hanyar iska ta hanyar bawul mai juyawa ta fi tsayi kuma ta ƙunshi juyawa biyu na digiri 90, wasu 'yan wasa suna jin cewa yana gabatar da juriya fiye da bawul mai piston mai ƙira. Duk da haka, jimlar juriya ta dogara sosai da ƙayyadaddun girma na tashar bawul da bututun haɗin.

Yadda Za a Yi Tafiya a Sama da Kuma Yadda Za a Yi Tafiya a Wurin da Aka Yi

Canja tsawon ginshiƙin iska ta hanyar adadin da aka ƙayyade (misali, ƙara tsawon bututu wanda zai rage mahimmin mataki ɗaya) yana aiki daidai ne kawai lokacin da aka yi amfani da bawul a lokaci guda. Lokacin da aka latsa bawul biyu ko uku a lokaci guda, tsawon bututun da aka haɗa galibi yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfi. Wannan saboda ƙarin sassan bututun suna hulɗa da juna da babban rami a hanyar da ba ta layi ba. Don daidaitawa, wasu kayan aiki suna haɗa bawul na huɗu (musamman a kan tubas da euphoniums) ko amfani da tsarin daidaitawa wanda ke ƙara ƙarin bututun ta atomatik lokacin da aka yi amfani da wasu haɗin.

Wani abin da ke cikin kayan aiki shine tasirin venturi a tashar bawul. Canje-canjen yanki na ratsawa da canje-canje na kwatsam na iya haifar da tashin hankali. Masu ƙera suna tsara tashoshin, gefuna na ɗamara, kuma wani lokacin suna faɗaɗa rami ta hanyar bawul don rage wannan tasirin.

Fahimtar Ƙungiyoyin Valve da Intonation

Masu kunnawa da sauri sun koyi cewa ba duk haɗin bawul ɗin da aka ƙirƙira daidai ba. Mafi yawan haɗuwa ya ƙunshi bawul na uku, wanda a kan kayan aiki da yawa yana haifar da ƙananan ƙananan C # da D idan aka yi amfani da shi kadai. Ƙara mai kunnawa ko madaidaicin zoben zamewa zuwa slide na bawul na uku yana ba mai kunnawa damar jan slide ɗin kaɗan kuma ya kwantar da filin. A kan tubas da euphoniums na ƙwararru, bawul na huɗu shine misali, yana ba da damar daidaitawa mafi kyau don ƙananan sautunan kuma kawar da buƙatar wasu haɗuwa masu kaifi.

Tsarin daidaitawa suna cikin yawancin euphoniums na salon Burtaniya da wasu tubas. A cikin kayan aikin daidaitawa, bawul na huɗu yana motsa iska ta hanyar ƙarin madaukai na daidaitawa lokacin da aka latsa shi tare da wasu, yana gyara kuskuren sa kai tsaye. Wannan ƙirar tana da mahimmanci a cikin euphoniums na Besson da Yamaha kuma ana ɗaukarsa da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen wasa mai ƙarancin rajista.

Kula da Valve da kuma Gyara Matsaloli

Ko da mafi kyau na'urar bawul zai lalace ba tare da kula da shi ba.

Tsabtace da Lubrication

Dole ne a tsabtace bawul ɗin piston sau da yawa a cikin watanni. Cire bawul ɗin, goge shi da masana'anta mara laushi, kuma tsabtace akwatin da sandar tsabtace bawul da ruwa mai laushi. Bayan bushewa, yi amfani da layin mai laushi (wanda aka keɓe ga bawul ɗin piston) kuma sake sakawa da hankali don kauce wa goge ƙarfe. Yi amfani da man fetur kawai waɗanda aka tsara don bawul ɗin kayan aikin tagulla

FlT:0]] bawul na juyawa suna buƙatar cire haɗin haɗin da cire rotor. Tsaftace rotor da murfin tare da mai narkewa (kamar giya mai ƙyama) don cire tsohuwar mai da ɓarnar. Sake haɗawa da wani haske mai haske na mai juyawa. Gyara haɗin don mai juyawa ya tsaya daidai a buɗe da rufe matsayi.

Matsaloli da Suka Shafi Kuma Yadda Za a Warware Su

  • FlT:0: Valves masu mannewa: FlT: 1 yawanci ana haifar da datti, tsohuwar mai, ko kuma sanyaya hunturu. tsabtace da sake yin amfani da su. Idan mannewar ta ci gaba, bincika don burrs ko lalacewar piston.
  • Ayyukan da ke da jinkiri: Sau da yawa saboda man fetur mai kauri ko ruwan bazara. maye gurbin ruwan sama idan sun raunana, kuma kuyi la'akari da mai haske don saurin aiki.
  • Fitar da iska: Fitarwa na iya haifar da cikewa da asarar sautin sauti. Suna iya haifar da pistons / rotors da aka lalace, ɓarnatar da kwantena, ko tashar jiragen ruwa mara kyau. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, bawul ɗin na iya buƙatar ƙwararren reaming ko maye gurbin.
  • Valve rattling: Yawancin lokaci daga maɓallin da aka saki ko bazara. Tattara ƙuƙwalwar kuma tabbatar da bazara ba ta rawar jiki a cikin akwatin.
  • Matsalolin daidaitawa: [1] Dole ne bawul ɗin piston su daidaita daidai da tashar jiragen ruwa. Yawancin masana'antun suna yiwa bawul ɗin alama tare da tabo ko lamba; daidaitaccen ba daidai ba yana haifar da mummunan amsa da rashin ƙarfi.

Lokacin da Za a Yi Neman Masu Gyara

Idan tsaftacewa mai sauƙi ba ta warware bawul mai manne ko mai leak ba, ka ɗauki kayan aiki zuwa ga ƙwararren masanin gyara. Yin ƙoƙari ka goge piston da ƙarfi mai yawa zai iya cire ƙarfe kuma ya ɓata dacewa. Hakazalika, maye gurbin bearings na rotor ko daidaitawa da haɗin haɗin haɗin yana da kyau a bar wa ƙwararrun. Ana ba da shawarar kulawa ta shekara-shekara ta hanyar masanin fasaha ga kowane kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi akai-akai.

Yadda Tsarin Valve Yake Shafan Sauti da Kuma Yadda Ake Wasa

Kayan bawul da girman tashar jiragen ruwa suna tsara ƙarfin ƙarfin kayan aiki da yanayin sautin. Yawancin ƙaho na zamani suna amfani da pistons na monel (ƙwararrun ƙarfe-ƙarfe) saboda suna da ƙarfi da tsayayya da lalata.

Tsarin bawul na juyawa yana shafar amsawar ƙahonin Faransa sosai. Dole ne a tsara hanyar ciki ta rotor da kyau don kauce wa tashin hankali. Kankunan saman-matakin da yawa suna amfani da masu juyawa na nickel-azurfa tare da tsabtace daidai. Tsarin haɗawa (ƙaya ko tsari) yana gabatar da jinkiri kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da aikin piston kai tsaye, amma yawancin masu kunna ƙahonin suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin abin ƙyama lokacin da aka saita kayan aiki daidai.

Bayan kayan, sanya bawul din dangane da murfin murya da kararrawa yana shafar intonation. A wasu kayan aiki, an sanya bawul na uku tare da slide mai tsawo don taimakawa kwantar da haɗin bawul na uku mai kaifi. Irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan ƙirar suna nuna hanyar masana'anta zuwa daidaito da kunnawa.

Abubuwan da Suka Faru a Yanayin Valve

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata an ga ci gaba a cikin aikin bawul ta hanyar ci gaba da masana'antu. sarrafa kwamfuta na sarrafa lamba (CNC) yanzu yana samar da piston da rotors tare da haƙuri na microscopic. Wannan yana rage buƙatar lapping (haɗi da hannu) kuma yana ba da kayan aiki masu daidaito. Wasu masana'antun sun gabatar da fiber carbon ko kayan haɗin polymer don rage nauyi, kodayake waɗannan ba su da mahimmanci. Ana amfani da kayan lantarki kamar na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke gano matsayin bawul a koyarwa da bincike, amma a halin yanzu babu kayan aikin samarwa da ke amfani da su don maye gurbin bawul na inji.

Wani bidi'a shine tsarin air brake ko bell a kan wasu bawul din juyawa, wanda ke rage dakatarwa don rage amo da lalacewa. Don bawul din piston, sabbin kayan bazara (misali bakin karfe da ruwaye masu rufi) suna inganta tsawon rai da rage sautunan ping. Bugu da ƙari, wasu masana'antun yanzu suna ba da katunan bawul na zamani waɗanda ke ba 'yan wasa damar musayar girman bore daban-daban ko kayan aiki ba tare da maye gurbin kayan aikin gaba ɗaya ba.

Ƙarin Kayan Aiki don Ƙarin Karatu

  • Jagorar Yamaha don bawul na kayan aiki na tagulla yana ba da zane-zane masu kyau na piston da aiki na juyawa. Karanta shafin Yamaha na tsarin ƙaho.
  • Labarin Wikipedia akan kayan aikin tagulla ya haɗa da cikakken tarihin ci gaban bawul.
  • FIT: 0]Hanyar mai gyara: The Brass Resource blog ya bayyana matsalolin bawul na yau da kullun da dabarun kula da gida.
  • FLT:0]]Horn Matters yana ba da zurfin nutsewa cikin ilimin bawul na juyawa da saitin ƙahon Faransa. Karanta Horn Matters bawul na juyawa FAQ.
  • Tsarin ramawa ya bayyana : Ƙungiyar Tuba da Euphonium ta Duniya tana da labarin fasaha game da yadda bawul ɗin ramawa ke aiki a cikin euphoniums da tubas. Karanta labarin ramawa na ITEA]] .

Ƙarshen

Fahimtar dabaru na aiki na bawul yana bawa masu wasan bawul damar yin shawarwari game da kayan aikin su, gano matsaloli, da yin aiki yadda ya kamata. Daga bawul mai sauƙi amma mai inganci na piston zuwa tsarin juyawa mai kyau, ƙirar bawul haɗuwa ce da kimiyyar lissafi, sana'a, da ergonomics. Ta hanyar kiyaye bawul masu tsabta, da kyau lubricated, da kuma daidaitaccen, mawaƙa na iya tabbatar da cewa kayan aikin su ya amsa da tabbaci don shekaru masu yawa na aiki da aiki. Ci gaba da juyin juya halin fasaha na bawul yayi alkawarin ƙwarewa da sauƙi, amma ka'idodin asali sun kasance iri ɗaya: sake tura iska ta hanyar ƙarin bututu don faɗaɗa damar chromatic na kayan aiki. Masanin waɗannan ka'idodin shine tushen kowane mai kunnawa na bawul mai ma'ana, daidai.