Yadda Ƙaho Ya Fara a Tsohon Al'adu

An yi amfani da kayan aiki na farko don watsa sigina a cikin nesa. An yi su daga duk abin da zai iya samar da sauti mai ƙarfi: ƙahonin dabba, ƙwanƙolin ƙwanƙwasa, ƙwallon ƙwanƙwasa, da bututun ƙarfe. Waɗannan na'urorin na asali sun yi aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na yaƙi, al'ada, da kuma bikin sarauta a duk faɗin duniyar zamanin dā.

A Misira, ƙaho suna da muhimmancin bikin. Shahararren ƙaho na Tutankhamun, wanda aka gano a kabarinsa a 1922, yana daga cikin tsofaffin kayan aikin da suka tsira. An yi su da azurfa da tagulla, tubes ne madaidaici na tsawon kusan rabin mita tare da kararrawa. Tsohon kayan aikin Masar da zane-zane sun nuna ƙaho suna rakiyar fir'auna a yaƙi ko a lokacin gangami na addini, kayan aikin suna sautin ƙaho don tsoratar da abokan gaba da girmama alloli. An ambaci irin wannan kayan aiki, da aka yi da azurfa da tagulla, a cikin nassosi na Littafi Mai Tsarki, waɗanda Isra'ilawa ke amfani da su don siginar taro.

Ƙari ga gabas, China ta haɓaka ƙaho na tagulla a farkon daular Shang (16001046 KZ). FLT:0 tong, mai tsayi, mai saurin gani na tagulla, an yi amfani da shi a cikin kiɗan kotu da farati na soja. A zamanin daular Zhou, an sami manyan ƙaho na ƙaho a cikin ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo, ana tunanin cewa jiragen ruwa masu zurfi suna haɗa duniyar duniya da sama. A duk faɗin duniya, a cikin al'adun Mesoamerican, ana amfani da ƙaho na ƙaho (FLT:0:0: FLT: 3) don sadarwa a cikin kwari, yayin da Incas suka ƙirƙiri ƙaho na ceramic tare da ɗakuna da yawa don sautunan daban-daban.

Don ƙarin bayani game da misalai na farko, duba cikakken shigarwa na Britannica a kan ƙaho.

Kararrawa a Zamanin Tsohon Al'adu da kuma Zamanin Tsakiya

Girkawa da Romawa sun inganta ƙaho zuwa kayan aikin soja mai horo. Helenawa sun yi amfani da salpinx na FLT: 0, bututun jan ƙarfe mai tsawon mita ɗaya da ƙararrawa a ƙarshen, don daidaita motsi na sojoji da sanar da caji. Romawa sun ɗauki wannan ƙirar a matsayin bututun FLT: 3, wanda ya zama misali a cikin lejiyoyin. Buccina FLT: 5, ƙaho mai siffar G, an yi amfani da shi don siginar doki da agogon dare. Marubutan Romawa kamar Virgil da Polybius sun bayyana tasirin psychological na ƙaho a fagen yaƙi.

Bayan faduwar Roma, ƙaho ya tsira a kotunan Byzantine da na Islama, inda ya ci gaba da aikinsa na bikin. Gidan Gicciye ya gabatar da doki na Turai zuwa ga tsawan, madaidaiciyar ƙaho na ƙarfe na Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da karɓar ƙaho na fage a Turai ta tsakiyar zamani. Wadannan kayan aikin galibi ana ado da banners kuma ana amfani dasu don sanar da zuwan masu daraja, a gasa, da kuma lokacin sanarwar gari.

A cikin karni na 13, masu sana'a a Jamus da Italiya sun fara gina tsawo da aka ninka a cikin nau'i mai kama da nau'i na zamani. Waɗannan har yanzu sune ƙaho na halitta, waɗanda ke iya samar da sautin a cikin jerin jituwa. Masu kunnawa na iya yin ƙararrawa a cikin ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira.

Ƙungiyoyin Ƙaho na Ƙasar Tsakiya

A ƙasashen da ke magana da Jamusanci, masu busa ƙaho sun shirya cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi, kamar su Stadtpfeifer (FLT:1). Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna sarrafa wanda zai iya busa ƙaho da inda za a iya buga shi. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin kayan aikin daraja, kuma galibi dole ne garuruwa su biya kuɗi mai yawa don izinin amfani da su. Tsarin ƙungiyar ya kiyaye kuma ya ba da fasahar wasa, musamman fasaha na kunna clarino wanda zai bunƙasa a zamanin Baroque.

Gidan ƙaho mai zamewa ya bayyana a ƙarshen tsakiyar zamanai, wanda ya kasance farkon gwagwarmayar ƙaho. Ta hanyar ƙara wani ɓangaren bututun mai zamewa, 'yan wasa na iya canza sautin kuma su samar da wasu karin sautunan waje da jerin jituwa. Wannan bidi'ar ta nuna zuwa ga yiwuwar chromatic wanda daga baya zai bayyana ƙaho na zamani. Don cikakken bayani game da ƙungiyar ƙaho na tsakiyar zamanai, duba Grove Music Online labarin game da tarihin ƙaho.

Rayuwar Renaissance da Baroque

Renaissance ya shaida canji a cikin zane da rawar kiɗa. Masu ginin sun gano cewa tsawaita bututun ta hanyar mirgine shi sosai ko ƙara tsawo zai iya rage sautin kayan aiki na asali kuma ya sauya jerin jituwa. Wannan ya ba da damar ƙaho su yi wasa a cikin maɓallan daban ba tare da buƙatar kayan aiki daban ba ga kowane maɓalli. A ƙarshen 1500s, ƙaho na halitta ya zama kayan aiki mai kyau don duka fanfares da layin waƙa.

Amma ainihin ci gaba ya zo tare da fasaha ta FLT: 0 clarino. Masu wasan kwaikwayo masu basira sun koyi samar da babban jituwa na kayan aiki.

Bach ya rubuta wasu daga cikin sassan ƙaho mafi mahimmanci a cikin cantatas, Mass a B Minor, da Second Brandenburg Concerto. Gidan ƙaho a cikin Second Brandenburg, alal misali, yana tashi sama da ƙungiyar mawaƙa a cikin layi mai tsananin ƙarfi wanda masu ƙaho na zamani har yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban abin tunawa.

Masu Yin Kararrawa a Zamanin Baroque

Ma'aikata masu fasaha kamar Haas iyali na Nuremberg da kuma iyalin Hainlein na Leipzig sun samar da ƙaho na halitta na ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki. Waɗannan kayan aikin an yi su ne da takalman tagulla da aka yi da ƙugiya a cikin bututu, sannan a yi ado da kyau. An yi ƙaho a hannu kuma an kunna gefen bakin a kan lathe. An cimma saitin ta amfani da musayar crooks (ƙarin tsawon bututu) da aka saka a cikin bututun baka ko bututun gubar. Mai kunnawa mai kyau zai iya canza masu fashin baki a tsakiyar wasan don canza maɓalli.

Baroque trumpet alama ce ta matsayi na aristocratic. Kotuna sun yi amfani da dukkanin ƙungiyar masu busawa don kullun fanfares, cin abincin dare, da farauta. Ana ɗaukar sauti na fitila a matsayin muryar sarkin, kuma kunna shi gata ne wanda ya iyakance ga wasu ƙwararrun. Buƙatar ƙwarewa ta karu, kuma a farkon karni na 18, masu busawa sun haɓaka dabara don daidaita ƙirar ƙira don sauƙaƙe ƙira don ingantaccen sautin cikin jerin jituwa.

Yadda Aka Fitar da Valves da Ƙaho na Yau

A karni na 19, an yi babban tsalle a juyin halitta na ƙaho: ƙara bawul. Kafin bawul, chromatism ya kusan zama ba zai yiwu ba a kan ƙaho na halitta. 'Yan wasa za su iya wasa da maɓalli ɗaya kawai (ko kaɗan tare da masu fashin kwamfuta), kuma an iyakance daidaitawa.

An fara samar da bawul din farko a cikin shekarun 1810 ta hanyar Heinrich Stölzel da Friedrich Blühmel a Prussia. Tsarin su ya kara bawul din piston guda biyu wadanda idan aka danne su, zasu karkatar da iska ta hanyar karin madaukai na bututu. Kowane bawul ya rage sautin da aka ƙayyade ta wani lokaci.

Daga baya, bawul mai juyawa (wanda aka haɓaka a Austria) da bawul ɗin piston na Perinet (wanda aka fi so a Faransa da Amurka) sun inganta tsarin. A shekara ta 1850, an kafa ƙaho na zamani na B a matsayin kayan aikin kida na yau da kullun, yana maye gurbin ƙaho na halitta da ƙaho na farko (wanda ya yi amfani da maɓallan kamar kayan aikin itace amma yana da saurin lalacewa da rashin daidaito).

Kwallon bawul din nan da nan ya sami gida a cikin kida. Masu rikodi kamar Hector Berlioz da Richard Strauss sun rubuta sassa waɗanda suka yi amfani da sababbin damar chromatic. Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique [1] ya ƙunshi sanannen kiran ƙaho a waje da mataki, yayin da waƙoƙin sautin Strauss suka yi amfani da ƙaho don ban mamaki fanfares da solo. Ƙaho kuma ya zama babban mahimmanci ga ƙungiyoyin soja a duk faɗin Turai da Amurka, sautinsa mai tsabta yana ɗaukar amo na bindigogi da ƙaho.

Don ƙarin bayani game da ci gaban bawul, duba Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan Museum of Arts jerin lokutan ƙaho .

Ƙaho Mai Fitowa da Masu Biyayyarsa

Kafin bawul, masu kirkiro sun yi ƙoƙari su sanya ƙaho mai launi tare da ramuka na gefe da ke rufe da maɓalli, kamar clarinet ko fuluwar. Joseph Haydn da Johann Nepomuk Hummel, waɗanda suka rubuta waƙar waƙa a ƙarshen shekarun 1700, sun yi amfani da ƙaho mai mahimmanci, wanda ya rubuta waƙoƙin waƙa. Amma ƙaho mai mahimmanci yana da sautin rashin daidaito.

Cornet, wani kayan aiki na tagulla mai bawul tare da ƙwanƙwasa mai ƙwanƙwasawa da sautin mai laushi, ya bayyana a kusan lokaci guda. Cornet ya zama sananne sosai a cikin karni na 19, musamman a cikin ƙungiyoyin tagulla da kuma jazz na farko. Yawancin masu fusacin jazz na farko sun yi wasa da cornet (Louis Armstrong ya fara a kan cornet).

Ƙaho a Zamanin Jazz da Bayansa

Babu tattaunawa game da tarihin ƙaho ba tare da jazz ba. A farkon ƙarni na 20 a New Orleans, ƙaho ya zama babban muryar sabuwar kiɗa. Buddy Bolden, wanda ake kira mawaƙin jazz na farko, wani cornetist ne wanda za a iya jin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin

Louis Armstrong ya ɗaga ƙaho zuwa kayan aiki na solo na ƙarfin magana mara misaltuwa. Kayan aikinsa na virtuosic, sautin rhythmic, da zurfin motsin rai ya yi wahayi zuwa ga tsararraki. Armstrong ta 1928 ta rikodin West End Blues ya buɗe tare da kyan gani na solo wanda ya kasance alama ce ga masu ƙaho. Ya tabbatar da cewa ƙaho zai iya raira waƙa, kuka, da dariya wani faɗaɗa muryar mutum.

A cikin shekarun 1940, Dizzy Gillespie ya fara yin bebop tare da kararrawar kararrawarsa (wanda aka kirkira ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da wani ya taka kararrawa, kuma Gillespie ya ji daɗin sake fasalinsa). Saurin Gillespie, ƙwarewar jituwa, da kuma kewayon ya tura kararrawar gaba. Ya kuma taimaka wajen gabatar da kiɗan Afirka-Cuban zuwa jazz, yana haɗuwa da sautin Latin tare da swing. Miles Davis ya ɗauki kararrawa a cikin wani yanayi daban.

Masu fure-fure na zamani suna ci gaba da fadada ƙamus na kayan aiki. Wynton Marsalis yana yin gadaje na gargajiya da jazz tare da umarnin fasaha. Arturo Sandoval yana tura babban rajista zuwa cikin stratosphere. 'Yan wasa kamar Ibrahim Maalouf suna amfani da fure-fure na kwata-kwata tare da ƙarin bawul don ƙirar Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Don ƙarin bayani game da tatsuniyoyin ƙaho na jazz, duba tsarin lokaci na NPR na ƙaho na jazz.

Ƙaho a Waƙar Zamani da Ilimi

A yau ƙaho yana ko'ina. Yana da ƙarfi kuma mafi tsananin kayan aiki a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, galibi ana sanya shi ga jigogi na jarumawa ko nasara. A cikin waƙoƙin fina-finai, ƙaho yana sautin fanfares, kira ga kasada, da kuma ƙaruwar motsin rai. John Williams Star Wars Furtati A cikin pop da rock, ƙaho suna ƙara haske mai haske tunani game da hits na Chicago, Earth, Wind & Fire, ko ƙungiyar ska na shekarun 1990 (misali, The Specials, Reel Big Fish).

Waƙar Latin ta dogara sosai akan ƙaho. Salsa, merengue, da ranchera suna da sassan ƙaho suna wasa da tsauraran layi, a cikin Brazil, ƙaho ya zama tushen samba da chorinho. A cikin ƙungiyoyin tagulla na New Orleans, ƙaho ya jagoranci zangon layi na biyu, muryarsa mai farin ciki tana gayyatar taron su yi rawa.

Masu fure-fure na zamani suna amfani da nau'ikan sauti da yawa don canza sautin: madaidaiciyar magana, murmushi na kofin, murmushi na Harmon (wanda Miles Davis ya yi sananne), murmushi mai nutsuwa, da murmushi na wah-wah. Tasirin lantarki kamar jinkiri, sakewa, da madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin ya faɗaɗa sautin fure-fure har ma da ƙari. Masu fasaha kamar Jon Hassell sun yi amfani da sarrafa lantarki don ƙirƙirar sautunan fure-fure na duniya na huɗu.

Bambancin Ƙaho

Baya ga misali B ƙaho, akwai wasu nau'ikan. Flut:0 piccolo trumpet (yawanci a cikin A ko B) yana wasa da octave mafi girma kuma ana amfani dashi don kiɗa na Baroque da manyan-register solos. Flut:3C trumpet yana da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Amurka; ya ɗan ƙarami ne kuma yana da sautin haske. Flut:5E trumpet ana amfani dashi a wasu ƙungiyoyin soja da kuma takamaiman kundin (kamar Stravinsky's Rite of Spring). Flut:8, ɗan'uwan fuluwar tare da sautin da ya fi duhu, yana da shahara a cikin jazz da kuma ayyukan fuluwar. Flut:10E trumpet yana wasa da wani sake zagayowar solo da kuma bayyana a cikin Ringing Wagner.

Ilimin trumpet yana da ƙarfi. Yawancin matasa masu kida suna farawa a kan trumpet B a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar makaranta. Kayan aiki mai sauƙi (kwalfofi uku) da girman ƙananan suna sa ya isa. Dalibai masu mahimmanci suna karatu a gidajen kariya, suna koyon al'adun gargajiya da jazz. Ƙungiyar Trumpet ta Duniya da ƙungiyoyi kamar gasar Trumpet ta Kasa suna tallafawa bincike, wasan kwaikwayo, da koyarwa.

Ƙarshe: Gwanon Ƙaho Ya Zama Gwanon Ƙarshe

Daga ƙaho na azurfa na Fir'auna Tutankhamun zuwa binciken jazz-classical na yau, ƙaho ya yi tafiya mai ban mamaki. Ya fara ne a matsayin kayan aiki na rayuwa da iko - murya don yaƙi, al'ada, da iko. Ta hanyar ƙarni na ƙwarewa, ya zama kayan aikin fasaha, mai iya yin pianoissimo mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi ga fortissimo mafi nasara.

Binciken ƙaho ya nuna tunanin ɗan adam: neman murya mai ƙarfi, mai haske, mai sauƙin fahimta. Valve ya kasance nasara ta fasaha, amma ruhun kayan aiki ya kasance tsoho - ginshiƙan iska mai rawar jiki wanda ya kasance ta hanyar lebe da numfashi, wanda aka karfafa ta hanyar ƙwanƙwasa ƙarfe. Wannan makamashi na asali har yanzu yana motsa mu, ko a cikin zauren symphony, ƙungiyar jazz, ko kuma a cikin gangamin da ke kan titin Bourbon.

Ƙaho ba kayan aiki ba ne kawai; yana nuna cewa mutane suna so su yi sauti mai kyau.

  1. Tsohon asali (c. 3000 BCE500 CE): Gashin kai, ƙahoni, da bututun ƙarfe da ake amfani da su don siginar da bikin a Misira, China, da Roma.
  2. Tsakanin zamani da Renaissance (5001600): Ƙaho na halitta a cikin ƙungiyoyi; gwaje-gwaje na slide; amfani a kotu da soja.
  3. Baroque Peak (16001750): fasaha ta Clarino; Bach, Handel; fasaha ta fitila ta halitta ta kai ga tsayi.
  4. Juyin juya halin bawul (18101850): Stölzel da Blühmels piston; ƙaho mai ƙaho ya gaza; ƙaho na zamani na B ya fito.
  5. Jazz da Kiɗa Mai Girma (1900present): Armstrong, Gillespie, Davis; ƙaho a cikin pop, Latin, fim, da kuma gargajiya.
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Don ƙarin karatu, tarihin tarihin Trumpet Museum ya ba da ƙarin haske game da takamaiman kayan aiki da masu kunnawa.