Tarihi na Kayan Aikin Brass na Baroque

Lokacin Baroque (kusan 16001750) ya shaida ci gaba mai ban mamaki a cikin zane da amfani da kayan aikin tagulla, wanda aka tsara ta asali ta hanyar kyawawan da bukatun aiki na zamanin. Ba kamar kayan aikin tagulla na zamani ba, yawancin kayan aikin tagulla na Baroque ba su da bawul kuma sun dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan jerin harmonic na halitta don samar da sautunan. Ƙararrawa ta halitta, wanda yawanci ana sautawa a D ko C, da ƙaho na halitta (sau da yawa an mirgine shi kuma ana wasa da sautin ƙaho mai cirewa) sune manyan muryoyin tagulla. Waɗannan kayan aikin suna buƙatar ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki daga 'yan wasa, waɗanda suka yi amfani da sautunan ta hanyar sarrafa ƙaho, hannayen-tsayawa (a kan ƙaho), da kuma bambancin raɗaɗi a cikin numfashi. Sakamakon ya kasance mai haske, kai tsaye mai sautin sauti wanda zai iya yin aiki a fili a kan kirtani da manyan sararin bikin.

Ana amfani da ƙaho na Baroque sau da yawa tare da fants na sarauta da na soja, yayin da ƙaho ya sami gida a cikin kiran farauta da kuma wuraren kiwon lafiya. Trombones, har yanzu an gina su da ƙarancin ƙaho da ƙaramin ƙararrawa fiye da kayan aikin zamani, sun ci gaba da amfani da su a cikin kiɗa mai tsarki, musamman a cikin ayyukan Heinrich Schütz da kuma daga baya J.S. Bach a cikin cantatas da sha'awarsa. Sackbut, a zahiri Renaissance trombone, ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin Baroque na farko amma a hankali ya ba da hanyar zuwa ƙirar ƙira. Masu yin kayan aiki kamar dangin Haas a Nuremberg sun zama sanannu don ƙaho na halitta, kuma har yanzu masu yin wasan ƙira suna jin daɗin kayan aikin su a yau. Fahimtar waɗannan kayan aikin ƙiyassu da ƙirar ƙaho na musamman ne ga kowane ɗan wasa na ƙarfe mai zurfi da ke neman ingantaccen kiɗa tare da Baroque. Don ƙirar ƙira, duba labarin halitta a kan ƙirar ƙira: TFL: 1.

Yanayin zamantakewar wasan karafa ya kuma tsara kundin. Trumpeters suna da matsayi mai ban sha'awa a matsayin membobin ƙungiyar, galibi ana amfani da su ta kotuna da birane don ayyukan bukukuwa. Masu wasa da ƙaho, akasin haka, sun fi motsi kuma suna aiki akai-akai a matsayin mawaƙa masu zaman kansu. Trombones sun sami aiki mai daidaito a cikin coci da kiɗa na gari, musamman a ƙasashen da ke magana da Jamusanci. Waɗannan bambance-bambance sun shafi abin da mawallafa suka rubuta don kowane kayan aiki.

Masu Sarrafa Fuskokin Fuskokin Fuskokin Su

Baroque gogewa repertoire ne da alaka da bikin, liturgical, da kuma aristocratic kotu rayuwa. Composers rubuta ga ƙaho da ƙaho a wani ɓangare saboda su alama da alaka da iko, allahntaka, da kuma bikin. dama siffofin fita domin gudunmawa ga gogewa canon, da kuma ayyukansu har yanzu cibiyar zamani gogewa repertoire.

Johann Sebastian Bach

Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 a F major, tare da shahararren ɓangaren trumpet clarino mai cin amana, shine mafi kyawun aikin tagulla na Baroque. Babban ƙirar ƙaho da saurin wucewa yana buƙatar mai kunnawa mai ƙarfi da iko. Bach ya kuma yi amfani da ƙaho a cikin yawancin cantatas na coci (misali, Watchet auf, ruft uns die StimmeFLT:3 da FLT:4) da kuma Jauchzet Gott a allen Landen (TFLT:5), da kuma a cikin babban taro a cikin B minorFLT:7, inda ƙaho ke nuna ɗaukakar Allah.

George Frideric Handel

Händel's Water Music da kuma FLT:2 Music for the Royal Fireworks sune kwarewar Baroque na waje don ƙaho da ƙahoni. Ƙahon ƙahon ƙahon a cikin aria Let the Bright Seraphim daga Samson da kuma ɓangaren ƙahon a cikin Fletchingen Teum Fletch:7 suna nuna baiwarsa ga rubuce-rubuce na lyrical da na yaki. Ana amfani da ƙahon Händel don duka fanfares na salon farauta da dumi, madaidaicin ƙahon da ke haifar da ra'ayi na girma.

Antonio Vivaldi

Vivaldi ya rubuta wasu waƙoƙi don ƙaho na halitta, musamman ma ƙaho na ƙaho a cikin D mai girma (RV 460 da RV 563 bambancin). Waɗannan ayyukan suna buƙatar agility a cikin babban rajista da bayyananne, rarrabuwa mai sauƙi. Vivaldi's trumpeting galibi ana haɗa shi da kirtani a cikin tattaunawa, yana nuna ƙarfin kayan aiki don jagorantar da amsa. Ya kuma rubuta don ƙaho, kodayake ba sau da yawa, kuma waƙoƙin violin ɗin sa sau da yawa suna nuna siffofi kamar tagulla waɗanda ke ba da shawarar sanin halayen ƙaho. Makarantar ƙaho ta Venice, wanda Vivaldi ya zana, ya jaddada haske da tsabta, yana mai da ayyukansa musamman mai ladabi ga masu yin waƙar zamani.

Georg Philipp Telemann

Telemann ya ba da gudummawa ga babban rukunin waƙoƙi da ayyukan ɗaki don ƙaho da ƙaho. Waƙoƙi da ƙaho (TWV 51:D7) yana daidaita wasan kwaikwayon fasaha tare da ladabi, kamar rawa na tsakiya. Ya kuma rubuta a fili don ƙaho, kamar a cikin waƙoƙi don ƙaho biyu da kuma buɗe ƙaho da ƙaho.

Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber da Sauran Muryoyin Yankin

Sonata à 7 na Biber don trumpets shida, timpani, da continuo misali ne mai ban mamaki na rubutun lasifikan kai na Baroque na Austrian, yana amfani da damar da aka samu na trumpets da yawa. A Faransa, mawaƙa kamar Jean-Baptiste Lully da Marc-Antoine Charpentier sun yi amfani da trumpets a cikin manyan taken FLT:3 da opera, kodayake rubutun lasifikan Faransa ya fi iyakance da daidaito fiye da salon Italiyanci. Mawallafan Ingilishi kamar Henry Purcell (wanda sassan lasifikansa a cikin Come, Sons of ArtFLT:5 da YeFLT:6 suna da mahimmanci) da kuma Jeremiah Clarke sun ba da gudummawa ga wadataccen jerin waƙa da kuma bikin waƙa na gargajiya. Don ayyukan trumpet na Baroque, duba da Guild: 8.

Ayyukan Ayyuka da Fassarar

Fassarar Baroque music a yau tana buƙatar fiye da daidaito na fasahaya buƙatar sanin yakamata a cikin al'adun salo na lokacin. Wadannan ayyuka galibi ba a lura da su ba amma mawaƙa na zamani sun fahimta.

Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwa

Masu kida na Baroque suna ƙara kayan ado na yau da kullun trills, mordents, turns, appoggiaturas, har ma da tsawo runsto layin da aka rubuta. Labarai kamar na Johann Joachim Quantz (FLT:0]]A kan wasa da Flute) da Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (FLT:2]]A Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments) suna ba da ƙa'idodi don ado. Masu wasan jan ƙarfe na iya amfani da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi, suna kula da girmama tsarin jituwa da kuma tsarin magana. Over-ornamentation na iya ɓoye layin, yayin da under-ornamentation na iya sa sauti bushe da unidiomatic. A cikin motsi mai sauƙi, musamman, ana tsammanin kayan ado na jiyya don fitar da tsarin da zurfin hankali.

Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ

Baroque gogewa ne yawanci m da kuma raba, wanda ya nuna rinjayar dance rhythms, courantes, sarabandes, giguesda kuma maganganun maganganun Baroque. Notes inégales (mara daidaituwa takwas da maki a wasu mita) iya amfani da Faransa style guda. phrasing kamata a siffanta da halitta auna na jituwa da rubutu (idan vocal) ko da m rawa mataki. Ka guji wuce gona da iri legato Lines cewa boye da tsarin maganganu. Yi amfani da harshen-in-beak magana da syllable ta (ko da ga m wucewa) kamar yadda aka koyar da lokaci mujallu.

Aiki da Kuma Haƙuri

Yawancin kiɗa na Baroque an buga shi a cikin tsarin ma'ana ko yanayi mai kyau, wanda ke ba da ƙimar sauti daban-daban ga kashi uku da biyar fiye da yanayin zamani daidai. Wannan yana shafar yadda kayan kida na tagulla ke haɗuwa da madauri da continuo. Misali, zangon ƙarfe na halitta (musamman na 5 da na 3) na iya haɗuwa da kayan aikin keyboard masu daidaitaccen yanayi. Masu kunnawa na zamani suna yin aiki akan kayan zamani na iya buƙatar daidaita kashi uku na ƙungiyar, musamman a cikin manyan ayyuka. Yawancin kayan aikin zamani suna sautin A = 415 Hz (kimanin rabin mataki ƙasa da na zamani A = 440 Hz), wanda zai iya sauƙaƙe ƙirar ƙirar kayan aiki da haɓaka muryar kayan aiki.

Dynamics da Matsayin Ci Gaba

Waƙar Baroque ta dogara ne akan motsi mai ƙarfi da sauri tsakanin mai ƙarfi da mai laushi maimakon ci gaba da Crescendos da Decrescendos. Bass continuo (yawanci harpsichord ko organ tare da cello ko bassoon) yana ba da tushe mai jituwa da kuma sautin. Masu wasan jan ƙarfe dole ne su saurari continuo a hankali don kasancewa cikin jituwa da daidaita sautin sautin. A cikin ayyuka da yawa, ƙaho ko ƙaho ɓangare ne mafi sautin murya; daidaitaccen ma'auni tare da kirtani na iya zama ƙalubale, musamman a cikin kiɗa na ɗakin. Sakamakon Echo, inda ake maimaita magana a hankali, na'urar Baroque ce ta kowa kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da ita don bambancin wasan kwaikwayo.

Ƙarfi da Ƙarfi

Ana gudanar da sautin Baroque ta hanyar ra'ayin FLT: 0 tactus, bugun jini mai daidaito wanda ke ƙarƙashin dukkan sa hannu na lokaci. Ya kamata a zaɓi Tempo bisa ga halayyar rawa ko motsi, ba kawai ƙimar ƙididdiga ba. Mita masu haɗuwa galibi suna nufin gigue-like lilt, yayin da ƙananan mita biyu na iya nuna tafiya ko gangami. Hanyar Lute na Faransa na FLT: 3, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da arpeggiation da sassauci a wasu mahallin, ba shi da amfani ga tagulla amma zai iya ba da bayani game da magana a cikin karatun da ke tare da shi. Ya kamata a bi da alamun metronomic a matsayin jagora, ba cikakkun bayanai ba.

Matsalolin da Masu Wasan Gasa na Yau da Kuma Dabarun da Za a Yi amfani da Su

Masu wasan karafa na zamani suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa yayin yin kiɗa na Baroque akan kayan aikin zamani. Mafi mahimmanci shine bambancin ƙirar kayan aiki: ƙaho da ƙahonin zamani suna da bawul waɗanda ke ba da damar kunnawa cikin sauƙi, amma kuma suna samar da nauyi, sautin da ya fi daidaituwa fiye da kayan aikin halitta. Dabarun da ke ƙasa na iya taimakawa wajen kawar da rata da samar da aikin da aka sani ta hanyar salo.

  • Ko da ɗan gajeren kwarewa na wasa da ƙaho na halitta ko ƙaho na Baroque tare da iyakantaccen jerin jituwa da dogaro ga kunnen mai kunnawa yana gina zurfin fahimtar dalilin da yasa mawaƙa suka rubuta wasu matakai. Ayyuka da bukukuwa da yawa suna ba da kayan haya da horo. A taron bita na karshen mako na iya canza tsarinku na magana da intonation.
  • FLT:0 Kayan aiki na halitta suna buƙatar mai kunnawa ya yi laushi (ya karkatar da) bayanan don cimma sautunan da ba su cikin jerin jituwa (misali, na 7 da na 11th). Yin aiki a kan sashin hankali a kan jituwa na halitta yana haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar tsoka da ake buƙata kuma yana haɓaka daidaiton sautunan a kan kayan aikin zamani.
  • Saurari bayanan tarihi kamar FLT:2 The English Concert, FLT:3, FLT:4 Freiburger Barockorchester, da kuma FLT:6 Les Arts Florissants suna samar da kyawawan rikodin ayyukan tagulla na Baroque. Kula da magana, ado, tempo, da haɗuwa da ƙungiyar.
  • Nazarin Baroque Treatises: Quantz, Leopold Mozart (Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule) da Johann Ernst Altenburg (Versuch einer Anleitung zur heroisch-musikalischen Trompeter- und Pauker-Kunst) suna ba da haske kai tsaye game da fasahar tagulla ta Baroque.
  • Aikin tare da mai kunnawa na continuo mai kyau harpsichordist ko celist zai iya koya muku yadda ake magana da layin bass da lokacin da za ku bi sautin jituwa. Yi maimaitawa tare da continuo sau da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma kuyi aiki da kunna siginar sautin basso continuo maimakon dogaro da jagora. Wannan yana haɓaka ƙwarewar ƙungiyar da kuma sanin salon.
  • A kan ƙaho na zamani ko ƙahon, yi amfani da harshen haske think doo maimakon tooda kuma guje wa vibrato sai dai don maganganun magana. Sautin madaidaici, mai ma'ana ya fi dacewa da lokaci kuma yana ba da damar jerin jituwa suyi magana a sarari. Yi aiki da madaidaicin sikelin tare da syllables daban-daban na magana don haɓaka ƙimar damar.

Abin da Waƙar Gidan Waƙoƙi ta Baroque Ta Ƙarfafa

Baroque gusi repertoire ya kasance dutsen tushe na zamani canon. Its fasaha da bukatun, maganganun magana, da kuma bikin girma ci gaba da sha'awar masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma masu sauraro. Tarihi informed performance (HIP) motsi, wanda ya sami gaggawa a karshen karni na 20, ya farfado da sha'awa a cikin ainihin gusi wasa, wanda ya haifar da samar da high quality replicas da kuma wani surge a ilimi bugu.

Bayan zauren wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗan ƙarfe na Baroque ya rinjayi waƙoƙin fim, fanfares na soja, har ma da haɓaka jazz (tunanin layin clarino-kamar layin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙw

Tashin kai na Baroque ya kuma haifar da al'umma mai ban sha'awa na masana, masu yin kayan aiki, da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. Taro da taron tattaunawa suna bincika sababbin bincike a kan batutuwa kamar sake gina kayan aiki da aka rasa, nazarin litattafan zamanin, da kuma gyara kundin tarihi. Ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da aka keɓe ga wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi suna bunƙasa a manyan makarantun kiɗa, suna tabbatar da cewa al'adar ta ci gaba da haɓaka. Ga masu wasan kida, wannan yana nufin samun damar yin amfani da kayan aiki masu inganci, wadataccen albarkatu, da kuma masu sauraro masu sha'awar jin waɗannan ayyukan a cikin hasken su na asali.

Nazarin Littafin: Ayyuka da Saƙonni Masu Muhimmanci

Ƙari ga waɗannan waƙoƙin da aka yi suna da yawa, akwai wasu da ba a san su sosai ba da kuma abubuwan da za a iya ji da su.

  • Heinrich Schütz's Symphoniae Sacrae [FLT: 2]] [FLT: 3]] Tare da concertato brass a cikin tsarkakakkun wurare, waɗannan ayyukan suna nuna farkon haɗin Baroque na muryoyi da kayan aiki.
  • Michael Haydn's trumpet concerto a C mai girma. Duk da cewa a cikin Baroque, wannan aikin yana daidaita da salon gargajiya kuma yana ba da damar waƙa ga ƙaho na zamani.
  • Jan Dismas Zelenkas Fanfare for 4 Trumpets and Timpani Misali mai ban mamaki na rubutun tagulla na Baroque na Czech, cike da mawuyacin ma'ana da motsawa mai saurin saurin saurin.
  • Giuseppe Torelli's trumpet concertos [FLT: 1 ] Ba a san shi sosai fiye da Vivaldi's amma yana da ban sha'awa sosai, tare da mai da hankali kan tattaunawa tsakanin ƙaho da kirtani.
  • Ayyukan Bohemian da ba a san su ba da yawa daga rubuce-rubucen Czech sun ƙunshi sassan ƙaho masu ban mamaki daga ƙarshen Baroque, an kiyaye su a cikin ɗakunan ajiya kuma suna samun su a cikin bugu na zamani.

Ga waɗanda suke son bincika ƙarin, Ƙungiyar Brass ta Tarihi ta FLT: 1 tana ba da taro, mujallu, da albarkatu da aka keɓe ga duk fannoni na wasan kwaikwayon ƙarfe na tarihi. Bugu da ƙari, IMSLP ta FLT: 3 tana ba da damar samun damar kyauta ga yawancin waƙoƙin Baroque, yana bawa masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da masana damar yin shawarwari game da bugu na asali.