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Gabatarwa ga Fasaha Masu Fama

Kayan kida na tagulla sun kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a tarihin kiɗa na ƙarni - daga tsoffin siginar yaƙi da fanfares na sarauta zuwa manyan ayyukan ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kuma haɓaka jazz na zamanin zamani. Sauti mai ban mamaki, mai ƙarfi ya tsara nau'ikan, ya ba da waƙar waƙoƙi, kuma ya motsa masu sauraro a duk faɗin duniya. Yayinda mutane da yawa suka fahimci hasken ƙaho ko zurfin murya na tuba, ƙalilan ne suka san labarin masu ƙirƙirawa da masu sana'a waɗanda suka juya waɗannan kayan aikin zuwa kayan aikin da muke gani a yau. Fahimtar asalin waɗannan kayan aikin da kuma ƙwarewar hankali a bayan juyin halittun su yana ba da zurfin godiya ga fasahar buga tagulla da kuma ikon fasaha wanda ke ba da damar.

Wannan binciken zai kai ka ga kayan kida na tagulla, da tarihinsu, da kuma masu ƙirƙira waɗanda nasarorin da suka samu sun sa tagulla ta zama kayan kida da muke ƙauna sosai. Daga ƙaho na farko na halitta zuwa na'urorin da aka yi amfani da su a ƙarni na 19, kowane bidi'a ya buɗe sababbin hanyoyi ga mawaƙa.

Ƙaho da Juyin Halinsa

Ƙaho yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kayan aikin tagulla, tare da asali na asali da suka fara tun shekaru dubbai zuwa tsohuwar Misira, China, da Roma. Duk da haka, ƙaho na zamani kamar yadda muka san shi yana da yawa ga sababbin abubuwa na karni na 19. Fitowa ita ce ƙirƙirar tsarin bawul. Ƙaho na halitta na iya samar da iyakantaccen jerin sautunan (serial na jituwa), yana iyakance ikon sa na waƙa. Tsarin bawul ya ba wa masu kunnawa damar canza tsawon bututun nan take, suna samun damar cikakken sikelin chromatic a cikin octaves da yawa.

Wannan ci gaba mai mahimmanci ana danganta shi ne da Heinrich Stölzel da Friedrich Blühmel, masu kirkiro biyu na Jamus waɗanda suka kirkiro zane-zane na bawul a kusa da 1814. Stölzel, mai kunna ƙaho, ya ba da lasisin zane na bawul na akwatin, yayin da Blühmel, mai kida da mai kera kayan aiki, ya haɓaka irin wannan tsarin. Ayyukansu, daga baya wasu masu kerawa suka inganta, sun haifar da bawul ɗin piston da tsarin bawul mai juyawa da ake amfani da su a yau. Kuna iya karanta ƙarin akan tarihin bawul ɗin bawul na FLT:5.

Tare da bawul, ƙaho ya zama kayan aiki mai amfani da yawa wanda ya dace da ƙungiyoyin kida (tunanin jaruntaka a cikin Beethoven's Leonore Overture No. 3 (FLT: 1) ko ƙwararrun fanfares a cikin Mahler's symphonies), ƙungiyoyin soja, kuma daga ƙarshe ƙungiyoyin jazz inda 'yan wasa kamar Louis Armstrong da Miles Davis suka sake bayyana matsayinta.

The Trombone: Wani Abu da Ya Sauka a Tarihi

Trombone na musamman ne a cikin kayan aikin tagulla don amfani da slide maimakon bawul. Wannan ƙirar tana ba da damar ci gaba da sautin sauti, yana ba da kayan aikin tasirin glossando na musamman da kuma ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don samar da ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfe. Ba kamar ƙarfe mai bawul ba, trombone na iya zamewa tsakanin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin

Tushen trombone ya fara ne a zamanin Renaissance, yana samo asali ne daga farkon sackbutton (kalma da aka samo daga Faransanci flt:2 saquebute, wanda ke nufin pull-push). Duk da cewa babu wani mai kirkiro da aka danganta da ƙirƙirar trombone, an inganta ƙirar ta a cikin ƙarni a Turai, musamman a Italiya a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16.

Kayan aiki ya sa ya zama sananne a cikin kiɗa na addini (Monteverdi ya yi amfani da trombones a cikin Vespro della Beata Vergine), kayan aiki na gargajiya (Mozart da Beethoven sun rubuta shi), kuma daga baya a cikin jazz da kuma kiɗa mai mahimmanci, inda iyawarsa ta bayyanawa daga tasirin plunger mai tsananin ƙarfi zuwa layin legato mai santsi.

Ƙarshen Faransa: Daga Fata zuwa Kyakkyawan Waƙar Waƙoƙi

Kankin Faransa, wanda aka sani da sautinsa mai dumi, mai laushi, da daraja, yana da tarihin rikitarwa wanda ya fara nesa da zauren wasan kwaikwayo. Kakanninsa sun kasance manyan ƙahonin farauta, kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar dabbobin Turai don yin sigina yayin farauta. Waɗannan ƙahonin farko sun kasance dogon bututu ne tare da ƙaho mai ƙaho, kuma dole ne 'yan wasa su sarrafa filin kawai ta hanyar ƙuƙwalwa da tsayawar hannu.

Kayan kida na zamani ya samo asali sosai a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, musamman a Faransa, inda aka yi amfani da ƙaho na halitta a cikin waƙar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma daga baya a cikin ƙungiyoyin Baroque. Masu rikodi kamar Handel da Telemann sun rubuta don ƙaho na halitta, amma iyakancewar kayan aikin ya nuna cewa masu yin aiki dole ne su mallaki ƙwarewar fasahar dakatar da hannu don samar da cikakken sikelin chromatic.

Daya daga cikin manyan ci gaba shine ƙara bawul a farkon karni na 19, wanda yayi kama da juyin halitta na ƙaho. Daga baya, kamfanin Jamus na Heinrich Stölzel ya ba da gudummawa ga bawul din ƙaho na farko, amma shi ne mai samar da ƙaho na Paris Charles-Joseph Sax (mahaifin Adolphe Sax, mai kirkiro saxofon) wanda ya ba da damar samun nasarar haɓaka bawul a cikin shekarun 1820. Daga baya, kamfanin Jamus na Kruspe T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

A yau, ƙaho na Faransa yana da mahimmanci a cikin orchestras da kiɗan ɗakin, wanda aka yaba da sautin sa mai laushi, wanda kuma zai iya nuna jaruntaka ko haunted yanayi wanda ke tunawa da ƙaho kira a cikin waƙoƙin sauti na Strauss ko melancholic solos a cikin waƙoƙin fim na zamani.

Tuba: Tushen Ƙungiya

Tuba tana da bambanci na kasancewa mafi girma da ƙananan kayan aikin tagulla. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin wani lokaci mai tsawo idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan aikin tagullasamfur na karni na 19 don neman muryar bass mai ƙarfi a cikin tagulla da ƙungiyoyin soja. Kafin tuba, ophicleide (wani kayan aikin tagulla mai mahimmanci) da maciji (wani kayan aikin katako tare da ramukan yatsun hannu) sun ba da layin bass, amma duka suna da iyakancewa a cikin iko da sautin.

An kirkiro tuba ta Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht da Johann Gottfried Moritz a 1835 a Prussia. Wieprecht, mai kula da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da mawallafi, ya yi aiki tare da Moritz, ƙwararren mai yin kayan aiki, don tsara tuba ta farko mai amfani da bawul. Sabbin su ya haɗu da babban ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙu, wanda zai iya saita ƙaramar ƙuƙwalwar ƙu. An ba da kayan aikin a matsayin tuba (Latin don trumpet) kuma ya sami shahararsa cikin Turai da sauri.

Abubuwan da suka biyo baya sun hada da FLT:0 (wanda aka kunsa a kusa da mai kunnawa don tafiya) wanda J.W. Pepper ya kirkiro tare da jagoran ƙungiyar John Philip Sousa, da FLT:4 euphonium (ƙaramin ƙaramin, mai saurin yin tuba). Babban zangon tuba daga bayanan pedal zuwa babban rijistar lyrical wanda ya sa ya zama dole a cikin orchestras, gangamin lasifika, da rukunin iska, yana ba da zurfin zurfi, tushe mai jituwa, da kuma wasu lokuta wasan kwaikwayo.

Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ

Cornet ya bayyana a cikin 1820s a matsayin amsa ga sautin ƙarancin ƙaho da iyakantaccen saurin sautin a cikin ƙananan rajista. Mai kirkirar sa, shahararren mai ƙaho da kuma malami Jean-Baptiste Arban, galibi ana yaba shi da daidaita ƙirar ƙaho. Duk da haka, kayan aikin da kansa ya samo asali ne daga ƙaho na baya da kuma farkon ƙaho na pistons waɗanda masana'antun kamar su Halary FLT:3 suka haɓaka a Paris (mai ƙirar kayan aikin Faransa wanda ya ba da haƙƙin mallaka ga tsohon ƙaho mai mahimmanci). Babban gudummawar Arban ba kawai wasa bane amma har ma da rubuta babban hanyar ƙirar ƙaho na ƙaho da ƙaho na saxo (1848), hanyar da har yanzu ake amfani da ita a duk duniya.

Cornet yana da ƙaho mai ƙuƙwalwa kamar flugelhorn, yana ba shi murya mai dumi, mai laushi fiye da ƙaho mai ƙuƙwalwa, amma yana riƙe da sautunan haske waɗanda ke yankewa ta hanyar kayan haɗin kai. Tsarinsa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da bawul ɗin amsawa sun sa ya zama kayan aikin solo da aka fi so a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙarni na 19 da jazz na farko (da yawa daga cikin farkon mawaƙa na jazz sun fara wasa da cornet). Tarihin cornet na FLT: 0 yana da wadataccen ƙira, kuma gadon Arban yana rayuwa a cikin kowane ɗakin horo.

Ƙararrawa: Muryar Mai Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa Saurin Sa Sa Sa Sa Saurin Sa Sa Sa Saurin Sa Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Sa Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Saurin Sa

Flygelhorn (daga Jamusanci FLT:0) Flygel (ma'ana wing ko flank, da FLT:2]]Horn (FLT:3)) ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na 19 a matsayin babban dangi, mai kusurwar ƙaho. Ba a san ainihin mai ƙirƙira shi ba, amma ya samo asali ne daga ƙaho na baya (kamar ƙaho na Kent wanda Joseph Halliday ya ƙirƙira a 1810) da ƙirar bawul na farko. Sautin ƙaho na flugelhorn ya fi faɗi fiye da ƙaho, tare da zurfin zurfi, yana haifar da duhu, zagaye, da kuma sau da yawa mai santsi mai sauƙi wanda aka bayyana azaman smoky ko vely.

A cikin karni na 20, 'yan wasan jazz kamar Miles Davis (a kan kundin kundi na Blue), Clark Terry, da kuma Art Farmer, waɗanda suka fi son ingancin waƙa don ballads. Masu kera zamani kamar Yamaha da Schilke suna ci gaba da inganta ƙirar sa.

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FLT:0 bugle yana daya daga cikin kayan aikin tagulla mafi sauki. An yi amfani da shi don siginar soja tun zamanin d ̄ a, amma an daidaita nau'in zamani a cikin karni na 19 tare da ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa (ƙara maɓallan don canza sautin) kuma daga baya ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa. Sautin ƙwanƙwasa yana da alaƙa da Taps,Reveille, da kira na bikin.

FLT:0 melophone shi ne kayan aiki na hybrid wanda aka haɓaka a karni na 20 don ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi. Yana haɗuwa da murya mai kama da ƙaho tare da sashin bawul mai kama da ƙaho da ƙararrawa mai fuskantar gaba, yana nuna sauti gaba ga masu sauraro. Duk da yake ba shi da yawa a cikin ƙungiyoyi, melophone yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyar drum da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi, yana cike gibin da ke tsakanin ƙaho da ƙaho na Faransa.

Sauran Kayan Wajen Gasa da Suka Fito

Ban da ƙaho, ƙaho, ƙaho, da kuma tuba, wasu kayan kida da yawa na tagulla sun cancanci a yaba musu domin gudummawarsu ta musamman:

  • Euphonium: A tenor tuba da fadi conical bore, samar da wani arziki, lyrical sauti. Da farko ci gaba a tsakiyar karni na 19 da Ferdinand Sommer a Jamus, shi ya zama wani staple na Birtaniya lasifika kungiyoyin.
  • Sousaphone: A tafiya tuba tsara da FLT:2 J.W. Pepper a kan request na bandleader John Philip Sousa a kusa da 1893. da sousaphone kunsa a kusa da player, tare da wani babban kararrawa fuskantar gaba (ko sama a wasu kayayyaki), sa shi manufa ga farati da kuma waje events.
  • Alto Horn (Tenor Horn a cikin amfani na Burtaniya): ƙaramin kayan kida ne mai ƙyalƙyali wanda aka buga a cikin E ko F, ana amfani dashi a cikin ƙungiyoyin tagulla. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin shekarun 1840 ta hanyar Adolphe Sax a matsayin ɓangare na dangin saxohorn nasa.
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Yadda Masu Yin Kayan Waƙar Gasa Suka Gano Gidan Waƙar Gasa

Juyin halitta na kayan aikin tagulla labari ne na basira da kerawa wanda ya shafi ƙarni da nahiyoyi. Masu kirkiro kamar Heinrich Stölzel, Friedrich Blühmel, Wilhelm Wieprecht, Johann Gottfried Moritz, Jean-Baptiste Arban, Charles-Joseph Sax, da J.W. Pepper sun yi juyin juya hali ga kiɗa ta hanyar faɗaɗa damar fasaha na kayan aikin tagulla. Gudummawar su valves, ingantaccen ƙirar bore, tsarin aikin ergonomic, da sababbin dangin kayan aiki sun ba wa mawaƙa damar bincika sabbin sauti, salo, da nau'ikan, daga jaruntakar tagulla na Wagner s operas zuwa jazz mai sanyi na Miles Davis.

A yau, ana jin gadōn waɗannan masu ƙirƙirawa a zauren taro, a wuraren jazz, a ƙungiyoyin waƙa, da kuma a cikin rikodin da ba a ƙidaya ba a dukan duniya. A duk lokacin da mai ƙaho ya yi wasa da ƙaho, mai ƙaho ya yi wasa da ƙaho, ko kuma mai ƙaho ya sa ƙaho, muna jin sakamakon shekaru da yawa na gwaji da kuma gyara. Fahimtar wannan tarihin yana ƙarfafa godiyarmu ga iyalin ƙaho da kuma rawar da suke takawa a furcin kiɗa, yana tuna mana cewa kayan aikin da muke wasa su ne samfurori na tunanin mutane da yawa da suka yi ƙarfin hali su kyautata al'adarsu.