Kayan kwalliyar lasifika suna wakiltar nasarori masu ban mamaki a duniyar kiɗa, suna nuna rikitarwa mai rikitarwa na waƙa, jituwa, sautin, da kuma rubutu. Fahimtar abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan ayyukan ba kawai yana haɓaka godiya ba amma kuma yana ba wa masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da masu sha'awar zurfin fahimta game da fassara da aiwatarwa. Wannan nazarin yana jagorantar ku ta hanyar mahimman abubuwan da ke bayyana gine-ginen shahararrun kayan lasifika, daga sonatas na gargajiya zuwa ayyukan ɗakin zamani. Ta hanyar nazarin tsari, ci gaban jigo, harshe mai jituwa, na'urori masu sautin jiki, da kuma rubutu, zaku iya buɗe damar bayyanawa na waɗannan ƙididdigar ƙira.

Matsayin Nazarin Tsarin a cikin Ayyukan Brass

Nazarin tsarin ya ƙunshi rarrabe wani rukuni a cikin sassansa don fahimtar yadda suke aiki tare a matsayin haɗin kai. Ga masu wasan mawaƙa da ke magance ci gaba da wasan kwaikwayo, wannan tsari yana da mahimmanci. Yana ba da bayani game da magana, motsi, da kuma magana, yana taimaka wa masu yin wasan kwaikwayo su ba da niyyar mai rikodin yadda ya kamata. Gane ƙira da siffofi yana taimakawa haddacewa da shirye-shiryen fasaha ta hanyar bayyana alaƙa mai ma'ana tsakanin sassan. Bugu da ƙari, bincike yana haɓaka 'yancin fassara: lokacin da kuka san dalilin da yasa aka tsara wani sashi ta wata hanya, zaku iya yin zaɓin hankali game da saurin, karin magana, da launi maimakon dogaro da kawai kwaikwayon rikodi.

Littattafan kayan aiki na tagulla sun mamaye ƙarni da salo, daga sassan ƙaho na Baroque zuwa ayyukan zamani na tuba. Kowace zamani tana kawo ƙa'idodi na tsari daban-daban. Wani fanfare na Gabrieli, sonata ta Hindemith, da jazz-tinged brass quintet na Eric Ewazen duk suna buƙatar ruwan tabarau daban-daban na nazari. Ta hanyar haɓaka tsarin tsari, zaku iya daidaita karatun kowane yanki don nuna halayensa na musamman.

Hanyar Ainihin Aikin Gasa

Yawancin ayyukan tagulla na zamani da na zamani suna bin siffofi da aka kafa, kodayake mawallafa galibi suna daidaita waɗannan don dacewa da burinsu na bayyanawa. Sanin waɗannan siffofin yana ba da taswirar hanya don kewayawa a cikin kayan aiki masu rikitarwa.

Hanyar Sonata

Hanyar sonata ita ce ginshiƙi na kiɗa na gargajiya, wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi nuni, ci gaba, da sake dubawa. A cikin wallafe-wallafen tagulla, yana bayyana sau da yawa a cikin ayyukan tsakiyar karni na ashirin kamar Paul Hindemith's Sonata for Alto Horn da Piano (1943).

Jigo da Bambance-bambance

Wannan nau'i yana gabatar da babban jigon sannan kuma ya canza shi a cikin sake dubawa, yana nuna kerawa a cikin sautin, jituwa, sautin, da kuma rubutu. Misali na gargajiya na tagulla shine Brittens Fanfare don St. Edmundsbury, inda kowane daga cikin ƙaho uku ke gabatar da jigon da aka bambanta kuma aka haɗu. A cikin kundin tuba, Andante da Variations for Tuba da Piano na Sergei Prokofiev (da aka shirya) ya nuna yadda layin waƙa mai sauƙi zai iya canzawa ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin magana, rajista, da haɗin kai. Yin amfani da bambancin ya buƙaci kulawa da yanayin kowane bayani; mai kunnawa dole ne ya kula da hankali yayin da yake kula da ingancin jigon.

Rondo

Ana nuna shi ta hanyar jigon maimaitawa (ƙoƙon murya) wanda ya yi ma'amala da abubuwan da suka bambanta (misali, ABACA ko ABACABA), rondo yana ba da daidaituwa tsakanin maimaitawa da sabon abu. Quintets na jan ƙarfe galibi suna amfani da siffofin rondo a cikin motsi na ƙarshe. Misali, motsi na ƙarshe na James Stephenson's Brass Quintet No. 1 yana amfani da wani refrain mai rai a cikin 6/8 lokaci wanda ya dawo tsakanin sassan da suka bambanta. Daga ra'ayi na tsari, mai yin wasan kwaikwayo ya kamata ya tsara kowane dawowar refrain tare da daidaitaccen magana da kuzari, yayin da ɓangarorin ke ba da damar samun ƙarin 'yancin fassara a cikin motsi da saurin.

Fugue

Fuge wani nau'i ne na counterpoint wanda ya dogara da kwaikwayon tsarin babban batun. Fugues na ƙungiyar Brass suna buƙatar cikakken iko, bayyananniyar magana, da kuma kulawa mai kyau ga shigarwa.

Ƙaddamar da Batutuwa da Ayyukan Ƙaddamarwa

Ci gaban jigogi alama ce ta kayan kwalliyar tagulla. Masu rikodi suna ɗaukar jigogi masu sauƙi kuma suna canza su ta hanyar dabaru kamar jerin abubuwa, juyawa, haɓaka, ragewa, da ɓarna. Kula da yadda jigogi ke haɓaka yana taimaka wa masu yin aiki su jaddada mahimman lokuta da kiyaye gudanawar labari.

Misali, la'akari da budewa na Hindemith's Flute da Piano Sonata: wani motsi mai saurin hawa mai saurin sauka (CEFG) ya zama zuriyar duka motsi na farko. Ya bayyana a jujjuya, an canza shi a hankali, ya wuce tsakanin fitila da piano, kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa tsawo. A cikin sake dubawa, motsi ya dawo da ƙara motsawa. Mai ƙwarewa mai fitila zai iya haskaka waɗannan canje-canje ta hanyar daidaita magana: ƙarin legato don jujjuya ko maganganun lyrical, ƙarin marcato don bambance-bambancen rhythmic.

Nazarin motsa jiki kuma ya shafi gajeren ayyuka. A cikin Sonata don Horn da Piano na Richard Strauss, wani lokaci mai sauƙi (na biyar mai saukowa) yana sake maimaitawa a cikinsa, yana haɗa sassan da ba su da alaƙa. Ganin wannan haɗin yana ba wa mai kunna ƙaho damar haɗa jimloli ta hanyar daidaitaccen launi da kuma ƙirar motsi mai mahimmanci. Lokacin da kuka lura da wani motsi mai maimaitawa, yi aiki da shi a cikin dukkan siffofinsa don gina ƙwaƙwalwar tsoka don kowane bayyanar.

Tsarin Harmoni da Tonal

Harmony yana tallafawa yanayin motsin rai na kayan kwalliya. Ayyukan ma'aikata galibi suna bincika wadatattun ci gaba na jituwa, daidaitawa, da rashin jituwa don ƙirƙirar tashin hankali da saki. Fahimtar tsarin jituwa yana bawa masu yin wasan kwaikwayo damar hango ƙarshen, warware rashin jituwa da hankali, da kuma kula da daidaiton sauti.

A cikin ayyukan Romantic na baya kamar Joseph Horovitz's Euphonium Concerto, jituwa mai launi da tsawo (kamar tara masu rinjaye da raguwa bakwai) suna motsa labarin. Hanyar jinkirin ta hanyar kewayawa ta hanyar sauka ta uku, kowane canji yana ba da siginar yanayi mai duhu ko mafi zurfi. Ga euphoniumist, gane waɗannan daidaitawa yana ba da labari ga goyon bayan numfashi da vibrato; zurfi, jinkirin vibrato a kan wani yanki mai nisa na iya haɓaka jin ƙishirwa.

Waƙar karafa ta zamani galibi tana amfani da yare na atonal ko pandiatonic. Misali, Gunther Schuller's Brass Quintet yana amfani da jituwa mara aiki inda kwari ke warwarewa ba zato ba tsammani. A irin waɗannan lokuta, nazarin tsarin ya sauya daga gano cibiyoyin mahimmanci zuwa bin diddigin alaƙar tazara da canjin rajista. Mai yin wasan dole ne ya dogara da siginar rhythmic da rubutu don yin magana ta halitta maimakon daidaitaccen jagorancin jituwa. Alamar nau'ikan jituwa (idan ana iya ganowa) da lura da lokutan jituwa da rashin jituwa yana taimakawa wajen tsara dogon layi.

Kayan aiki mai amfani don koyon nazarin jituwa wanda aka tsara don kundin murya shine labarin Music Theory Online akan jituwa na Horn Sonata, wanda ya nuna fasahar bincike da za a iya amfani da su ga sauran kayan aiki.

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Babban kundin waƙar ƙarfe yana da sau da yawa tare da rikitarwa da sauye-sauye masu canzawa waɗanda ke ƙalubalanci ko da masu wasa masu ƙwarewa.

  1. Gano abubuwan da ke faruwa na yau da kullum ko ostinatos.
  2. Yin lura da canje-canje a mita ko saurin da ke shafar furci.
  3. Alamar alamomi da kuma magana don bayyana wurare masu rikitarwa.
  4. Yin amfani da sassan don kiyaye lokaci daidai.

Ka yi la'akari da motsi na uku na Three Pieces for Brass Quintet na Anthony Plog, wanda ke juyawa tsakanin mita 5/8 da 3/4. Jin daɗin sautin ya canza daga rashin daidaituwa, tsarin tuki (5/8) zuwa mafi faɗi, mai daidaitaccen ƙararrawa (3/4). Mai wasan trump dole ne ya ƙware cikin tsarin bugun don kauce wa hanzari ko ja. Yin amfani da metronome don yin kowane mita daban, sannan ya maye gurbin, yana gina jin dadi. A cikin matakai na polyrhythmic (misali, 3 da 2 a cikin ɓangaren ƙahon kwantattin), mai yin wasan kwaikwayo ya kamata ya fara warewa da jinkirta layin kafin ya haɗa shi da ƙungiyar.

Tsarin ma'auni inda aka samo sabon saurin daga ƙimar sautin a cikin sautin da ya gabata yana bayyana a wasu ayyukan zamani. Sonata don Tuba da Piano na John Stevens yana amfani da bayanin kula na huɗu daidai da sauyi na huɗu, yana buƙatar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.

Don ƙarin nazarin nazarin rhythmic, theoria.com rhythm tutorials suna ba da motsa jiki na hulɗa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi ga sassan tagulla.

Tsarin da Kayan Aiki

Tsarin yana nufin yadda aka haɗa abubuwa masu sautin, mai jituwa, da na yau da kullun a cikin wani rukuni. Ayyukan kwalliya na jan ƙarfe na iya ƙunsar ƙirar homophonic (ƙira mai kyau tare da rakiyar) ko ƙirar polyphonic (layin da yawa masu zaman kansu). Fahimtar ƙirar yana taimaka wa masu yin wasan kwaikwayo daidaita sautin su a cikin ƙungiyar kuma su yanke shawarar inda za su kawo waƙar ko haɗuwa cikin kayan haɗin kai.

A cikin goge goge, abun da ke ciki ya bambanta sosai. Mataki na farko na Malcolm Arnold's Goge Goge na Goge na 1 (FLT:1) ya buɗe tare da ƙaho solo (monofonia) kafin sauran kayan aikin su haɗu cikin ƙaho guda. Daga baya, sashin fugal ya haifar da polyphony. Mai ƙaho dole ne ya daidaita ƙarar da magana: soloistic a cikin shigarwar monophonic, mai tallafawa a cikin ɓangarorin chordal, kuma a bayyane yake magana a cikin shigarwar fugal don tabbatar da cewa layin suna bambanta.

Masu rikodin kuma suna amfani da sautin sauti na musamman na kayan kida daban-daban don ƙirƙirar launuka da yanayi masu banbanci. Tuba sau da yawa yana ba da tushe, trombone yana ba da dumi na matsakaici, ƙaho yana ƙara haske, kuma ƙahon yana haɗuwa da waɗannan matsananci. Sakamakon da aka yi (daidai, kofin, harmoni, plunger) ya ƙara faɗaɗa damar ƙirar. A cikin Haile Smith's Brass Quintet, amfani da sautunan a cikin motsi na biyu yana haifar da wani abu mai ban mamaki, mai rufi wanda ya bambanta da buɗewa, mai girma motsi na farko. lura da waɗannan canje-canje a cikin ƙirar yana taimaka wa mai kunnawa ya zaɓi ƙirar da saurin iska da ya dace don dacewa da tasirin timbral.

Don solo na tagulla ba tare da haɗin kai ba, ana ƙirƙirar abun ciki ta hanyar rikodin rikodin, inuwa mai motsi, da polyphony. The Flute V Flute: 1 na Luciano Berio don trombone yana amfani da tsalle, multiphonics, da saurin haɗuwa don ba da shawarar muryoyi da yawa. Nazarin irin waɗannan kayan yana buƙatar kulawa da canje-canje na rijista da kuma alamar da mawaki ya rubuta game da canje-canje na murya.

Tsarin Nazarin Ayyuka

Yin amfani da bincike na tsarin zuwa aikinka yana ba da sakamako mai kyau.

  • Nazarin Score: (FLT: 1) Koyaushe fara da sake duba cikakken ƙimar idan akwai. lura da yadda ɓangarenku ya dace da tsarin gaba ɗaya kuma ya yi hulɗa da sauran kayan aiki. Yi la'akari da alamun motsi, magana, da canje-canje a cikin saurin.
  • Alamar Abubuwan Tsarin: Yi amfani da alamun fensir don nuna sassan tsari, canje-canje masu mahimmanci, shigarwar jigo, da sauye-sauye.
  • Saurari Aiki: Rikodi suna ba da mahallin da ba a iya tantancewa ba. Saurari yadda fassarar daban-daban ke nuna abubuwan tsari. Kwatanta wasan kwaikwayo biyu ko uku don ganin yadda saurin, magana, da zaɓin ma'ana ke shafar nau'in da aka fahimta.
  • Aikin sashe: Aikin sashe: Aikin sashe: Aikin sashe ya zama sashe mai sarrafawa bisa ga tsari da kayan jigo. Aikin kowane sashe a cikin keɓewa, sannan a haɗa su ta hanyar mai da hankali kan wuraren sauyawa.
  • Kayan aiki na ilimi: Karanta nazarin da bayanan shirin don samun ra'ayoyin tarihi da ka'idoji. Yawancin ɗakunan karatu na kiɗa na jami'a suna ba da kundin adireshi na dijital na wallafe-wallafen tagulla. Hakanan bincika bayanan kan layi kamar shigarwa na Britannica a kan sonata formFLT:3 don mahallin baya.

Ta wajen yin amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin, masu waƙa za su iya yin waƙoƙi da suka nuna zurfin da ke cikin waƙoƙi da aka yi da kuma yadda za su yi waƙoƙi da suka dace da hankali da kuma motsin rai.

Abubuwan da Suka Shafi Tarihi da kuma Halin da Aka Yi

Abubuwan da ke cikin kiɗa na ƙarfe sun samo asali tare da yanayin kiɗa mafi girma.

A zamanin Baroque, rubutun lasifika musamman don ƙaho na halittaya kasance mai kama da fanfare ko haɗe cikin ƙirar ƙaho. Ayyukan Johann Sebastian Bach (misali, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2) suna da manyan sassan ƙaho waɗanda ke bin nau'ikan kwaikwayon tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ƙananan damar chromatic na kayan aikin halitta sun rinjayi tsarin waƙa, galibi an gina shi akan jerin jituwa. Nazarin sassan lasifika na Baroque ya kamata ya mai da hankali kan magana a cikin waɗannan ƙuntatawa, ta amfani da magana ta lokaci (misali, harshe biyu) don dacewa da salon.

Sassan karafa na gargajiya da na farkon Romantic, kamar waɗanda ke cikin Mozart's symphonies, sun kasance babban goyon baya na jituwa tare da wasu lokuta na solo. Kayan karafa na karafa da aka haɓaka a cikin karni na 19 sun buɗe sabbin hanyoyin tsari. Maƙawari kamar Richard Strauss da Gustav Mahler sun fara ɗaukar ƙaho azaman muryar solo mai iya yin waƙa, jigogi masu launi. Wannan canjin ya haifar da haɓaka mai rikitarwa da jigogi a cikin rubutun karafa na orchestral.

A cikin karni na 20, haɓakar ƙungiyar ƙarfe a matsayin matsakaiciyar matsakaici ta haɓaka gwaji na tsari. Ayyukan Ingolf Dahl, Verne Reynolds, da Jan Bach sun yi amfani da siffofin neo-Baroque (fugue, passacaglia) amma sun ba su jituwa da sautin zamani. A lokaci guda, ƙananan ƙananan da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan kayan ƙarfe (misali, John Adams' Short Ride a cikin Faster Machine FLT:1) don ƙarfe da bugun ƙarfe) suna amfani da maimaitawa da kuma ƙara matakai, suna buƙatar yanayin bincike bisa ga canjin lokaci da yadudduka na rubutu.

Masu rikodin zamani suna ci gaba da tura iyakokin tsari. Misali, Nocturno don Horn da Chamber Ensemble na William Bolcom ya haɗu da sassan tonal da atonal, yana amfani da jituwa na jazz da abubuwan da ke cikin al'ada.

Don zurfin mahallin tarihi, bincika littattafan Oxford Handbooks Online articles on brass music history FLT: 1, wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ci gaban salo a cikin lokatai.

Ƙarshen

Nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin kayan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani shine ƙoƙari mai wadata wanda ke haɓaka fahimtar kiɗa da ingancin wasan kwaikwayon. Daga tsari da ci gaban jigogi zuwa jituwa, sautin, rubutu, da salon tarihi, kowane ɓangaren yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara babban aiki. Ta hanyar sarrafa waɗannan fasahohin bincike, kuna ƙarfafa tushen fassararku, inganta sadarwar ƙungiyar, da haɓaka alaƙa da sirri tare da kiɗa. Aiwatar da waɗannan dabarun ga ƙalubalen ku na gaba ko dai sonata na Hindemith, kwantit na zamani na tagulla, ko rubutun Baroque kuma ku sami kwarewar yadda fahimtar tsarin ke canza fasahar ku.