Table of Contents

Tushen Kayan Waƙar Gasa a Cikin Kiɗa na Tsohon Lokaci

Tsarin kayan kida na tagulla a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya ya fara ne tun zamanin da, tun kafin al'adun ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Turai su zama. An yi tsoffin magabatan kayan kida na zamani daga kayan halitta - ƙahonin dabbobi, ƙuƙwalwa, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, da kuma daga baya ƙuƙwalwar ƙarfe kuma sun yi aiki ne a matsayin na'urori masu nuna alama don ayyukan soja, addini, da na gari.

A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai (kimanin 5001400 CE), ana amfani da kayan aikin tagulla kamar ƙaho na halitta na FLT:1 da FLT:2 a cikin waƙar coci, duk da haka, tagulla ba ta wanzu saboda ƙuntatawa na liturgical da rinjayar Gregorian. A tsakiyar zamanai ne kawai kayan aikin suka fara bayyana a cikin kiɗa na polyphonic, sau da yawa samar da layi biyu ko rakiyar jirgin sama.

Ƙungiyar Renaissance Cornett da Sackbut Ensemble

Cornett, duk da sunansa, a zahiri an yi shi ne daga itace ko giwa da ramuka a yatsunsu kuma an busa shi kamar kayan kida na tagulla. Ya samar da sautin da zai iya kwaikwayon muryar mutum, yana mai da shi mai kyau don ninka layin soprano a cikin kiɗa na mawaƙa. Sackbut, tare da tsarin slide, ya ba da madaidaicin launi mai kyau da sauti mafi kyau fiye da na gaba. Tare, waɗannan kayan aikin sun zama tushen ƙungiyar Renaissance loud band (alta capella) tare da shawms. A ƙarshen karni na 16, salon polychoral na Venetian na mawaƙa kamar Giovanni Gabrieli ya ɗaga rawar tagulla zuwa sababbin tsayi, rubuta sassa masu zaman kansu don cornetts, sackbuts, da ƙaho na halitta a cikin ayyuka kamar su TFL: forte Sonata piano eFLT eFLT: 1 da Symphonia: 2S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S: 3S

Baroque Era: Kararrawa da Kararrawa a matsayin Sautunan Maɗaukaki (c. 16001750)

A zamanin Baroque an shaida amfani da hankali na haske, sauti mai haske na fure na halitta da kuma yanayin da ya dace, na farautar kibiya na ƙaho na halitta. Dukkanin kayan aikin sun kasance ba su iya yin wasa a sikelin chromatic; a maimakon haka, sun dogara ne akan jerin harmonics, wanda ya iyakance bayanan aiki ga ƙananan sassan. Wannan iyakancewa ya zama tushen wahayi mai ban sha'awa: mawallafa sun rubuta ƙarfin hali, fanfares da kuma manyan wuraren da ke da babban rajista wanda ya yi kira ga sarauta, nasara, da allahntaka. Fure ya zama mai ƙarfi tare da stile concitato (tsayin da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi) na Claudio Monteverdi a farkon Baroque opera, da kuma girman bikin kotu da majami'u.

A cikin babban Baroque, Johann Sebastian Bach ya rubuta a cikin tarin fitila, musamman ma salon clarino, fasaha mai mahimmanci wanda ke buƙatar mai kunnawa don cimma tsabta da magana da sauti a cikin babban rajista. Bach's Concerto No. 2 a F major, BWV 1047 FLT:2 FLT:3 yana da ɓangaren ƙaho mai ban mamaki wanda ya kasance ɗayan mafi ƙalubale a cikin kundin. Hakazalika, George Frideric Handel ya yi amfani da ƙaho a cikin waƙarsa don Royal Fireworks FLT:5 da kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Hallejah na FLT:6 Messiah :7 FLT:7 don tsara ƙarfi da farin ciki.

Ƙaho na Clarino da Ƙarshensa

Kayan clarino ya kai ga ƙaruwarsa a farkon karni na 18, tare da mawaƙa kamar Gottfried Reiche (Babban trumpeter na Bach a Leipzig) suna samun ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki. Duk da haka, yayin da ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa suka girma a girma da kuma buƙatar rubutu mai launi, iyakokin ƙirar ƙirar ƙira suka zama bayyane. A tsakiyar karni na 18, salon clarino ya faɗi daga sha'awa, kuma mawaƙa sun fara ɗaukar ƙirar ƙira a matsayin kayan aiki na yau da kullun da na yau da kullun. Wannan canjin ya saita hanya don ƙarni na gaba na sababbin fasaha.

Juyin Juya Halin gargajiya: Maɓallin da Maɓallin Ventilation (c. 17501820)

Lokacin gargajiya ya kawo canje-canje na inji wanda ya canza sashin tagulla har abada. Babban kirkiro na farko shi ne ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙaho mai ƙanƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙanƙara

Juyin juya halin gaskiya, duk da haka, ya zo tare da ƙirƙirar tsarin bawul na FLT: 0 a farkon karni na 19. An mallaki bawul a 1814 ta Heinrich Stölzel da Friedrich Blühmel, bawul ɗin ya ba mai kunnawa damar sake tura iska ta hanyar ƙarin tsawon bututu, yana samar da kowane rubutu chromatically. Wannan ci gaban ya shafi ƙaho da ƙahoni, kuma daga baya ga tubas da sauran membobin dangin tagulla. A cikin fewan shekarun da suka gabata, bawul ɗin bawul da ƙahon bawul ya maye gurbin magabatan su na halitta, yana ba da kayan aikin tagulla irin wannan sassauci na chromatic kamar guguwa da igiyoyi.

Tasirin Rubutun Orchestral: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven

Canjin daga na halitta zuwa murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin murfin mur

Fashewar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasar

Lokacin soyayya shine lokacin zinare na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kuma kayan kida na tagulla sun mamaye babban rabo daga hasken rana. Godiya ga bawul masu aminci, mawaƙa yanzu suna iya rubuta layin waƙa mai ɗorewa, ɓoyayyun ɓangarorin chromatic, da manyan muryoyin tutti. Sashin tagulla ya karu daga 'yan wasa uku ko huɗu zuwa takwas ko fiye, gami da tuba mai kwazo (wanda Wilhelm Wieprecht da Johann Gottfried Moritz suka ƙirƙira a 1835) don kafa kundin bass. Wannan fadada ya ba da damar yin wani yanayi mara misaltuwa, daga ƙarancin lyricism na ƙaho solo zuwa nauyin murƙushewa na mawaƙa na Wagner.

Hector Berlioz ya kasance majagaba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Sa'ad da yake yin waƙar mawaƙa ta musamman, ya fara aiki da mawaƙa huɗu daban-daban don ƙirƙirar yanayi da sauti. Richard Wagner, ya gina ra'ayoyin Berlioz, ya ƙirƙiri kayan aikinsa na musamman, Wagner tuba, don tayar da rata tsakanin ƙahoni da ƙahoni a cikin ɓangarensa na farko.

Iyalai da Suka Yi Waƙar Zuba Jari Suna Da Halin

A ƙarshen karni na 19, an kafa ɓangaren ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe: ƙaho (yawanci a cikin B-flat ko C), ƙahoni (a cikin F), trombones (tenor da bass), da tuba (a cikin B-flat ko C). Ƙarin kayan aiki kamar cornet, flugelhorn, da euphonium sun sami matsayi a cikin ƙungiyoyin soja da wasan kwaikwayo amma a wasu lokuta sun bayyana a cikin ayyukan orchestral (misali, Tchaikovsky s Capriccio Italien ) yana amfani da cornet. Tsarin bawul kuma ya haifar da ƙahoni na zamani, tare da bawul uku na piston, da ƙahon biyu, wanda ya haɗu da ƙahon F tare da gajeren ƙahon B-flat don inganta daidaito a cikin manyan da ƙananan rajista.

Ƙarshen 20th Century da Ƙarshen: Brass a matsayin Soloists da Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙ

Karni na 20 ya karya al'adun jituwa da daidaituwa ta mawaƙa, kuma kayan kida na tagulla sun kasance a gaba na sababbin yarukan kiɗa. Masu rikodin kamar Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, da Béla Bartók sun faɗaɗa iyakokin fasaha da ma'ana na tagulla. Stravinsky's Rite of Spring yana da mummunan, rubutun tagulla mai saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin sa

A Amurka, Aaron Copland ya haɗa da jan ƙarfe a cikin sautinsa na Amurka, ta amfani da buɗewa, kamar fanfare a cikin ayyuka kamar Fanfare for the Common Man da Flutt:1 da Flutt:2 Symphony na Uku. Dmitri Shostakovich, a cikin yanayin Soviet, ya rubuta sassan jan ƙarfe masu ban tsoro da ƙarfi, kamar ƙaho na jana'izar a cikin Flutt:4 Symphony No. 5 da kuma glossandos na ƙaho mai ban mamaki a cikin Flutz No. 2 daga Flutz Suite. A halin yanzu, masana Turai kamar Gyvier Ligeti da Olivier Messiagyen sun yi amfani da jan ƙarfe don tasirin microtonal, cluster, da sababbin saiti.

Ƙarfafawa da kuma Magana ta Solo

A rabin rabin karni na 20 an ga karuwar solo da kuma ayyukan ɗakin don lasifika. Mawallafa kamar Luciano Berio (FLT:0) (Sequenza X (FLT: 1) don ƙaho), Henri Tomasi (Trumpet Concerto), da John Williams (Trumpet Concerto) sun rubuta abubuwa masu ƙima waɗanda suka zama misali. Trombone na zamani na zamani na FLT: 3 ya sami fifiko, tare da ayyukan Luciano Berio (FLT: 4) (Sequenza V (FLT: 5)), Vinko Globokar, da Christian Lindberg. Kwantet na lasifika ya zama sanannen ɗakin ɗakin, tare da ayyukan asali na mawaƙa kamar Jan, Eric Ewazen, da Ewald.

Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban sabbin kayan aiki (ƙananan kayan aiki, ƙirar magana ta wucin gadi) da ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira sun inganta ƙira da amsa. Fitar da bawul ɗin juyawa na FLT: 0, wanda aka fi so a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Jamus da Austriya, da kuma tsarin bawul na Brass na Modular FLT:3 na kamfanoni kamar Yamaha da Bach sun ba wa 'yan wasa ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka don keɓance kayan aikin su.

Gidan Waƙar Waƙar gargajiya a Karni na 21

Waƙar gargajiya ta zamani tana ci gaba da bincika cikakken damar kayan aikin tagulla. Mawallafa kamar John Adams, Ellen Reid, da Caroline Shaw suna rubuta tagulla ta hanyoyi waɗanda ke haɗuwa da lyrical tare da bugun jini. Adams Short Ride a cikin Fast MachineFLT:1 yayi dogaro da kaifin maganganun tagulla, yayin da ReidsWhen the World As I Knew It CrumbledFLT:3 yayi amfani da tagulla don ƙirƙirar shimfidawa, ƙarancin rubutu. Sakamakon lantarki da haɓaka tagulla masu ƙarfi sun zama na kowa, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin aikin ƙungiyoyi kamar FLT:4Ensemble ModernFLT. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin pedagogy da damar ƙwarewa sun faɗaɗa a duniya, tare da ƙungiyar matasa da ƙungiyar tagulla a cikin Sin, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabas ta Kudu suna ba da sabbin ra'ayoyi.

Matsayin Gidan Waƙar Ƙasa a Wakar Kiɗa

A cikin shekaru dubbai, kayan kida na tagulla sun samo asali daga ƙaho mai sauƙi zuwa muryoyi masu ƙarfi a cikin al'adun gargajiya. Ikon su na nuna duka pianissimo mafi ƙarancin da kuma mafi ban sha'awa Fortissimo ya sa su zama dole don isar da madauki na motsin rai na wani abun da ke ciki. Ko da yana ninka madauri a cikin wani murya mai nutsuwa, busa fanfarar nasara, ko aiwatar da matakai masu rikitarwa, dole ne masu kida na tagulla su mallaki ɗimbin salo da fasaha. A yau, mawaƙa na gargajiya na tagulla suna iya yin sonata na Baroque akan ƙaho na halitta kamar yadda suke kunna aikin zamani wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin fasaha akan kayan aiki na zamani.

Sashe na lasifika ya kasance kashin bayan ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mawaƙa, tare da wayoyi da iska mai zafi. A cikin yanayin ɗakin, kwantena na lasifika da waƙoƙin lasifika suna bunƙasa, kuma mawaƙa suna ci gaba da tura iyakokin fasaha. Shirye-shiryen ilimi a duk duniya daga Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Curtis zuwa Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Royal suna horar da ƙarni na gaba na ƙwararrun masanan lasifika, suna tabbatar da cewa wannan al'adar mai wadata ta ci gaba. Yayin da muke duban nan gaba, babu shakka kayan aikin lasifika za su ci gaba da haɓaka, tare da sababbin kayayyaki, kundin waƙoƙi, da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayon da ke riƙe su a tsakiyar tarihin kiɗa na gargajiya.

Don ƙarin karatu game da tarihin kayan kida na tagulla, duba cikakken labarin a cikin Grove Music Online da kuma rubutun Encyclopedia Britannica akan kayan kida na tagulla.