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Tarihin saitin kayan aikin tagulla labari ne na ci gaba da tattaunawa tsakanin daidaitattun kimiyyar bututun ƙarfe da tsammanin jin daɗin kiɗa. Daga ƙaho na halitta na Renaissance zuwa kayan aikin bawul na zamani, kowane zamani ya tsara yadda masu sautin tagulla ke samar da sauti kuma yadda ƙungiyoyi suka yarda da abin da ke sauti.

Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ

Kafin tsarin bawul na zamani, kayan aikin tagulla kamar ƙaho na halitta, sackbuts, da ƙahonin farauta suna samar da sauti ne kawai ta hanyar canza bakin mai kunnawa da tsawon bututun kayan aikin. Waɗannan ƙirar farko da aka yi da gangami ko azurfa ba su da hanyar inji don canza sautin, don haka kowane kayan aiki an kulle shi cikin jerin jituwa guda ɗaya.

A cikin waɗannan ƙarni na farko, ƙa'idodin sauti sun kasance ba ɗaya ba. Al'adun gida, wadatar kayan aiki, har ma da sauti na coci ko zauren za su iya tsara ƙarar tunani. Ƙaho da aka gina don kotu a Venice na iya yin sauti a ƙasa da wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin babban cocin Vienna. Wannan yana nufin cewa mawaƙa masu tafiya suna sau da yawa su daidaita ta hanyar canza sassa a kan tashi ko ta hanyar mallakar kayan kida da yawa da aka daidaita zuwa sautunan daban-daban.

Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su game da ƙa'idodin sauti sun fito ne daga masu ginin kayan aiki, waɗanda ke buƙatar tsayin bututu na gyarawa don samar da takamaiman sautin. Waɗannan ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ƙirar ƙira ƙirar ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira ƙira

Ko da tsofaffin kayan aikin tagulla kamar Roman cornu (FLT: 0) da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya na FLT: 3 sun dogara ne akan irin waɗannan ka'idodin sauti. Duk da cewa ba mu da daidaitattun auna sautin daga waɗannan lokutan, sake gina abubuwan tarihi ya nuna cewa daidaitawar su ba ta daidaitawa.

Sackbut - tsohon tsohon tsohon zamani na zamani na zamani - yana daya daga cikin kayan aikin tagulla na farko don samar da daidaitaccen sautin sautin ta hanyar slide mai motsi. Wannan ya ba wa masu kunna sackbut babbar fa'ida a cikin daidaitawa ta ƙungiya, saboda suna iya gyara sautin a cikin lokaci na ainihi. Duk da haka, har ma da sackbuts slide yana da iyakoki: mai kunnawa dole ne ya koyi ainihin matsayin hannu don kowane sautin, kuma kayan aikin har yanzu yana buƙatar ƙofar ƙarfi don ci gaba da sautin a cikin jerin harmonic.

Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin

Yayin da ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ɗakin suka zama mafi tsari a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, buƙatar haɗin kai na tunani ya zama mai tsanani. Duk da haka daidaitaccen daidaito ya kasance mai wuya. Madadin haka, fannoni biyu na sauti sun bayyana: Chorton (flt:1) da Kammerton (flt:3).

  • Chorton (Ƙungiyar mawaƙa) Yawancin lokaci a kusa da A=460480 Hz, wannan babban misali ya taimaka wa organs suyi aiki a cikin manyan manyan majami'u kuma suna tallafawa muryar murya.
  • Kamerton (Chamber pitch) (FLT:1) Sau da yawa ana saita shi kusa da A = 415 Hz (dukan mataki a ƙasa da matsakaiciyar sautin zamani), wannan ƙarancin misali ya dace da sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin sautin

Ga masu busa ƙaho da masu busa ƙaho na zamanin Baroque, wannan yana nufin ɗaukar kayan aiki daban-daban ko amfani da ƙwanƙwasa don daidaita tsakanin duniyoyin biyu. Shahararren matsalar transposition a cikin ayyukan Johann Sebastian Bach inda aka rubuta sassan ƙaho a cikin C amma sauti a cikin D ko E-flatshi ne sakamakon kai tsaye na waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙirar da ke gasa. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin kayan aiki na zamani yanzu suna yin cantatas na Bach da ayyukan kida tare da ƙaho da aka daidaita zuwa Chorton (kimanin A = 466 Hz) don dacewa da ƙarar asalin organ, yayin da wasu kayan aikin za a iya gane su a Kammerton.

A Faransa, wani misali daban ya bayyana: da ton de la chambre du roi, ko pitch na ɗakin sarki, wanda ya tashi a kusa da A = 393400 Hz. Wannan ƙananan sautin ya ba wa wa waƙar baroque ta Faransa bayyanar sa. A halin yanzu, kotunan Italiya da Austriya suna amfani da sautin da ya fi kusa da zamani A = 430435 Hz. Rashin ƙayyadaddun tunani na duniya yana nufin cewa masu kera kayan aiki dole ne su kasance ƙwararrun masana a cikin bambance-bambance na yanki, suna yin ƙaho da ƙahoni don dacewa da takamaiman al'adun sautin abokan cinikin su.

Wani misali mai mahimmanci na bambancin sautin sauti ya fito ne daga kotun Elector na Saxony. A Dresden, an daidaita ƙungiyar coci ta kotu zuwa Chorton, yayin da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta gidan opera ta yi amfani da Kammerton. Masu busa ƙaho da kotun ta yi amfani da su dole ne su mallaki kayan aiki don duka ƙa'idodin. Aƙalla a wani lokaci, ƙungiyar da ke ziyartar daga wata ƙasa ta Jamus ta gano cewa kayan aikin su na ƙarfe ne na ƙarfe na uku na filin wasan kwaikwayo na Dresden, wanda ke buƙatar umarnin gaggawa na sababbin masu fashin kwamfuta da kuma daidaitawa.

Ci gaban bawul da Tasirinsa a kan Sauyawa

A farkon karni na 19 ya kawo canji mai ban mamaki ga ƙirar kayan aikin tagulla: ƙirƙirar bawul. Kafin bawul, masu kunnawa na tagulla sun dogara da masu fashin kwamfuta, dakatar da hannu (ƙahoni), da daidaitawa na zamewa (trombones) don canza saiti. Na farko bawul masu amfani da Heinrich Stölzel da Friedrich Blühmel a Prussia a cikin 1814 sun ba da damar masu yin wasan kwaikwayo su canza tsakanin tsawon bututu nan take kuma ta haka samun damar yin amfani da zangon chromatic.

Valves sun inganta sassauci sosai. Ƙaho tare da bawul biyu ko uku na piston zai iya daidaita tsawonsa a cikin ƙananan ƙaruwa, yana ba mai kunnawa ikon gyara intonation a kan tashi. Wannan babban tsalle ne ga wasan gaba, kamar yadda sassan tagulla yanzu zasu iya daidaitawa da kyau ga igiyoyi da iska. Duk da haka, farkon tsarin bawul sau da yawa ba su da kyau, tare da iska mara kyau da kuma shinge mara kyau. Masu yin kayan aiki kamar Adolphe Sax, Jean-Baptiste Arban, da kuma Vincent Bach daga baya sunyi aiki ba tare da gajiyarwa ba don kammala aikin bawul, ƙirar juyawa, da lissafin bore.

A tsakiyar Turai da gabashin Turai, bawul na juyawa sun zama sananne, musamman ga ƙahoni da ƙaho, saboda sun ba da iska mai santsi da kuma aiki mai nutsuwa fiye da na farko piston.

Wannan ci gaba na fasaha ya yi daidai da ƙoƙarin daidaita yanayin wasan mawaƙa. Yayin da mawaƙa suka girma kuma suka yi ziyara sau da yawa, rikice-rikice na wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da yawa na gida ya zama ba zai yiwu ba.

Bayan bawul din kanta, wasu sababbin abubuwa sun taimaka wajen inganta sautin. Fitar da slide (a m U-shaped tube) ya ba da damar 'yan wasa su daidaita tsawon kayan aiki a cikin ƙananan ƙaruwa, ba tare da canza masu laifi ba. Ci gaban tsarin biyan kuɗi don bawul ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi, kamar tsarin biyan kuɗi na Blühmel-Stölzel, ya inganta daidaiton sautin da aka samar ta hanyar haɗuwa da bawul. Waɗannan hanyoyin fasaha sun sa sashin ƙarfe ya zama tushen abin dogaro ga sautin mawaƙa amma sautin ma'ana ya kasance cikin gudana.

Wani abin ban sha'awa a gefe shine zuwan high pitch (A=452455 Hz) a cikin gidajen opera na Jamus da yawa a cikin shekarun 1850 da 1860s. Wannan sautin sau da yawa ana samun sa ta hanyar rage babban bututun kayan aiki, wani lokacin har zuwa inci. 'Yan wasan da suka yi saurin motsawa daga birni mai ƙarancin sautin (A=435) zuwa wani birni mai sautin sama dole ne su sayi sabbin kayan aiki ko kuma su sake gina na yanzu.

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A cikin karni na 19, ka'idodin sautin ya ci gaba da tashi a yawancin sassan Turai, wanda ake motsawa ta hanyar sha'awar haske, mafi kyawun sauti na ƙungiyar mawaƙa. A Faransa, kwamiti na gwamnati ya saita A = 435 Hz a 1859 ɗayan ƙoƙarin farko na ƙasa don daidaitawa. Wannan matakin Faransanci, wani lokacin ana kiransa low pitch, an karɓa ta da yawa manyan ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa, amma har yanzu ya fi ƙarancin sautin da aka yi amfani da shi a wasu sassan Italiyanci da Ingilishi (A = 428430 Hz).

Jamus da Austria, ba su da wata ƙasa mai haɗin kai, sun ga bambancin da ya fi girma. A Vienna, Philharmonic ya daidaita zuwa kusan A = 440 Hz tun farkon shekarun 1860, yayin da orchestras na Berlin suka kasance kusa da A = 435. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ƙarar high (A = 452455 Hz) har yanzu tana da yawa a wasu gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus. Sakamakon ya kasance yanayin rikicewa inda masu wasan rawa da ke yawon buɗe ido tare da kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo dole ne su ɗauki kayan aiki da yawa ko amfani da slides na musamman don dacewa da kowane wuri.

A farkon karni na 20 ne aka sami canji tare da haɓakar rikodin ƙasa da watsa shirye-shirye. Kamfanonin rikodi, ƙungiyoyi, da masana'antun kayan kida musamman a Amurka da Ingila sun fara yin fafutukar yin wasa don wasa guda ɗaya, wanda aka yarda da shi a duniya. A 1939, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Duniya (ISA) ta ba da shawarar A = 440 Hz, wanda BBC, Tarayyar Amurka ta Masu Waƙoƙi, da ƙarshe kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Duniya (ISO) suka amince da shi cikin sauri a shekara ta 1955.

A yau, ISO 16:1975 ta ayyana A = 440 Hz a matsayin daidaitaccen sautin sautin, kuma kusan dukkanin kayan aikin tagulla na zamani an tsara su don yin wasa mafi kyau a wannan ma'anar. Duk da haka, wasu ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayon tarihi suna amfani da ƙananan ko mafi girma don sake ƙirƙirar sautunan zamani. Alal misali, yawancin masu kida da ƙaho na farko yanzu suna amfani da kayan aiki da aka gina zuwa A = 415 Hz (tsawon baroki) ko A = 430 Hz (tsawon Viennese na gargajiya).

Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idar 1939 ba ta kawar da bambance-bambance gaba ɗaya ba. Yawancin orchestras na Turai a yau suna saitawa zuwa A = 442 ko ma A = 443, musamman a tsakiyar Turai, don ɗan haske mai haske. Wasu orchestras na Amurka sun tashi zuwa sama zuwa A = 441 ko A = 442. Duk da yake waɗannan bambance-bambance ba su da yawa (kimanin 812 cent sama da A = 440), suna buƙatar masu wasan rawa don daidaita slides da ƙofar su. Maganin zamani galibi kayan aiki ne tare da slide mai sauƙi wanda zai iya ɗaukar zangon 438 445 Hz ba tare da yin watsi da ƙirar jituwa na kayan aikin ba.

Matsalolin Da Aka Yi da Kayan Waƙar Gasa da Aka Yi da Tarihi da kuma Fitarwa ta Yau

Lokacin da mawaƙa suka yi ƙoƙarin yin wasa na asali na kayan kida na tarihi ko kuma sake bugawa mai amincitare da mawaƙa na zamani, suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa. Batun mahimmanci shine cewa an gina yawancin kayan kida na ƙarni na 20 don sautunan da ba A = 440 Hz ba. Ƙaho na halitta da aka gina don D a filin Chorton zai zama kusan rabin sautin kaifi lokacin da aka busa a zamani A = 440, yana samar da kayan aiki wanda ke da kyau amma zai iya rikici da sautin ensemble.

  • Ba tare da bawul ba ko slides masu amfani, ba za a iya saukar da yawancin kayan aikin tagulla na tarihi ko ɗaga su fiye da fewan cent. Ana iya kulle ƙaho na Baroque a cikin yankin farar ƙasa daga ƙungiyar zamani.
  • FLT:0 Ƙuntatawa na jiki Rashin ƙonawa, ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, da ƙwanƙwasa duk suna shafar jerin haɗin haɗin kayan aiki. Canja sautin sau da yawa yana buƙatar sake gina sassan kayan aiki, wanda zai iya canza sautin sautin sa.
  • Yin amfani da kwafin kwakwalwa (FLT: 1) Masu kera zamani kamar Günther Hett, Richard Seraphinoff, da John Foster suna samar da kwafin kayan tarihi na tarihi da aka gina don takamaiman matakan tarihi (misali, A=415, A=430, A=466). Waɗannan suna ba da damar yin aiki na ainihi ba tare da sadaukar da intonation a cikin yanayin lokacin ba.

Ƙungiyoyin kayan aiki na zamani kamar Academy of Ancient Music, Baroque Soloists na Turanci, da Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment suna amfani da waɗannan kwafin don sake ƙirƙirar duniyar sauti na Bach, Handel, Mozart, da Beethoven. A cikin waɗannan saitunan, ana horar da masu wasan rawa don daidaitawa ta kunne, ta amfani da gyaran ƙirar ƙirar da kuma daidaitaccen bending don daidaitawa da igiyoyi da iska, waɗanda kuma suna daidaitawa zuwa daidai tarihin tarihi. Wannan hanyar ta sadaukar da dacewa ta zamani don amincin tarihi da haɗuwa da sauti.

Ga ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na zamani da ke yin kiɗa na farko, mafita galibi shine a canza sassan lasifika. Wani ɓangaren ƙaho na baroque wanda aka rubuta asali don D (yana sauti a Chorton) ana iya buga shi a kan ƙaho na zamani a cikin B-flat ko C, karanta ɓangaren gaba ɗaya ƙasa. Duk da haka wannan yana kiyaye sautunan da aka yi niyya, yana iya canza sautin kayan aiki da kuma saurin saurin sa. Wasu jagororin sun fi son samun duk sautin ƙungiyar zuwa sautin da aka saukar (misali, A = 430) don karɓar ƙaramin lasifika, amma wannan yana da wuya a waje da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru.

Kalubalen na uku ya taso ne daga gaskiyar cewa yawancin kayan kida na tarihi suna da yanayin daidaitawa wanda ba na yau da kullun ba a cikin jerin jituwa. Misali, kashi na 7 (na bakwai na halitta) a kan ƙaho na halitta yana da filashi sosai idan aka kwatanta da yanayi iri ɗaya. An horar da 'yan wasan Baroque don yin wannan bayanin kula, amma lokacin da suke wasa a cikin mahallin zamani tare da kayan kida masu ƙarancin yanayi, wannan daidaitawa na iya janye ƙungiyar. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa masu wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na tarihi ke yin kwazo lipping motsa jiki da kuma dalilin da ya sa wasu masu yin kwafin suka fara haɗa ƙananan ramuka na iska ko tashar daidaitawa don daidaita ɓangarorin da suka fi wuya.

Ci Gaban Fasaha da Kuma Yadda Ake Saurara

A yau, mai kunnawa na ƙarfe yana da makamai da ba za a iya tunanin su ba har ma da ƙarni da suka gabata. Saitunan lantarki tare da na'urori masu auna sigina masu tsananin gaske suna ba da damar nuna canjin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin sa, yana bawa 'yan wasa damar daidaita bakin su, matsayin slide, ko ma sanya bakin su a cikin lokaci na ainihi. Masu sarrafa sautin dijital na iya gyara ƙananan matsalolin sautin a cikin ɗakin rikodi, kuma wasu kayan aikin ci gaba yanzu suna haɗa da bututun jagoranci masu daidaitawa ko slides na saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin saurin tsakanin A = 440, A = 442, da A = 443 (wanda aka saba a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Turai).

Masu kera kayan aiki suna ci gaba da inganta amsawar jituwa na kayan aikin tagulla. Ci gaban ƙarfe masu nauyi, ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira, da kuma masana'antar sarrafa laser sun ba da damar samar da kayan aiki waɗanda ke wasa cikin jituwa a cikin duka zangon tare da ƙaramin ƙoƙari. Duk da haka, bambancin tarihi na sautin ya kasance darasi mai mahimmanci: ra'ayin daidai sautin zamani ne, ba doka ta duniya ba.

Binciken a cikin ka'idodin sauti na tarihi ya kuma hanzarta, godiya ga kundin tarihin da aka ƙididdige da nazarin sauti na kayan aiki na zamanin. Yanzu masu ilimin kayan aiki da masu kida na zamani na iya auna ainihin sautin kayan tarihi, kayan aikin tagulla da suka tsira, da kuma sautin gajeren lokaci daga baya. Wannan bayanan yana ba da labari game da aikin wasan kwaikwayon da kuma gina kwafin, yana ba masu sauraro na zamani damar jin kiɗa kamar yadda zai iya sauti a cikin mahallin asali.

Bugu da ƙari, fahimtar mawaƙa na zamani game da sautin ya wuce ma'anar sautin don haɗa da daidaitawa kawai kawai intonation a cikin aikin gaske. Yawancin mawaƙa masu sana'a suna amfani da sautin expresssive, inda sashin mawaƙa ke canza sautin wasu madauri (misali, manyan uku suna wasa da ɗan kwance, ƙananan bakwai kaɗan) don haɓaka muryar harmonic. Wannan aikin, wanda ya samo asali sosai a zamanin da aka tsara, ya sake fitowa ta hanyar ilimin da ya jaddada sauraro da sassauci akan mannewa ga nunin mai sautin.

Yin amfani da fasaha ta zamani yana kuma faɗaɗa ƙirar kayan aiki. Tsarin kwamfuta (CAD) yana ba masu yin damar yin kwaikwayon tasirin sauti na kowane millimeter na bututu, ƙwanƙwasa ƙararrawa, da siffar murya. Wasu masana'antun yanzu suna ba da kayan aiki na zamani da ƙaho waɗanda aka gina tare da ƙwanƙwasa da ƙwanƙwasa na kayan aikin baroque amma tare da slides na bawul da ƙididdigar ƙira da kuma tsarin daidaitawa waɗanda ke ba da damar mai kunnawa ya sauya tsakanin filin tarihi da na zamani tare da daidaita slides mai sauƙi. Waɗannan mahaɗan suna da shahara sosai a cikin horo na gargajiya, inda ɗalibai dole ne su mallaki duka lokacin da kuma fasahar orchestral na zamani.

Don ƙarin mahallin tarihi, shigarwa na Britannica akan kayan kida na tagulla FLT:1 yana ba da kyakkyawan bayyani game da juyin halitta na kayan aiki. Labarin Musicologie akan ƙa'idodin tarihi na tarihi FLT:3 yana ba da zurfin nutsewa cikin yawancin bayanan ƙasa da na yanki waɗanda suka taɓa kasancewa. Kuma don aikin wasan kwaikwayon zamani, kayan aikin tagulla na San Francisco Symphony FLT:5 ya nuna yadda ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta zamani ke magance ƙalubalen daidaitawa a yau.

Abubuwan da Za Su Kawo: Yadda Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan

  1. An ƙuntata kayan aikin tagulla na pre-valve zuwa sautin jerin harmonic, kuma ƙa'idodin sautin ya bambanta sosai ta hanyar yanki da zamanin.
  2. Baroque da kuma zamanin gargajiya sun ga fitowar ƙwallon ƙafa masu gasa: Chorton (babba) da Kammerton (ƙasa).
  3. Kaddamar da bawul a farkon karni na 19 ya ba 'yan wasan ƙarfe na ƙarfe sassauci mara kyau, amma daidaitaccen filin wasan ya kasance baya.
  4. Ka'idodin sauti na kasa (misali, Faransanci A=435, Jamus high pitch) ya ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, lokacin da A=440 Hz ya zama ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa.
  5. Kayan aiki na tarihi suna bukatar fasaha da kuma daidaitawa na musamman don haɗuwa da ƙungiyoyin zamani ko don cimma sauti na ainihi.
  6. Fasaha ta zamanidaga masu saurin lantarki zuwa ƙirar da aka inganta ta hanyar sautiya sauƙaƙa sarrafa sauti yayin da kuma faɗaɗa fahimtarmu game da ayyukan tarihi.

Tarihin sautin kayan aiki na tagulla yana da daidaitawa na yau da kullumda ma'anar zahiri da na alama. Daga ƙarancin ƙaho na halitta zuwa ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙwarewa da za a iya yi tare da bawul da na lantarki na zamani, masu sautin tagulla koyaushe suna buƙatar yin shawarwari game da rata tsakanin kayan aiki kamar yadda aka gina da kuma kiɗa kamar yadda aka so. Godiya ga wannan tarihin ba kawai ya sa mu zama masu kida mafi kyau ba; yana tunatar da mu cewa kowane sautin da muke wasa yana cikin tattaunawa na ƙarni da yawa game da abin da yake nufi a cikin sautin.